Community and Public Health Nursing
Exam Questions and Answers
Verified Solutions Latest Update
Question:
Pilot Study
Answer:
A small version of a proposed study, and is carried out on a small, sometimes
intentionally chosen sample. Placebo effect -✓✓Phenomenon where study participants
in the control taking the placebo actually see an improvement Wash out period
-✓✓Period of time with no tx independent variable -✓✓Variables that may influence or
impact the outcome (dependent variable) dependent varieable -✓✓outcome being
studied (new drug or surgical procedures) Random -✓✓best way to ensure adequate
representation systemic sampling -✓✓select some starting point and then select every
kth element in the population convenience sampling -✓✓choosing individuals who are
easiest to reach judgmental sampling -✓✓a form of convenience sampling in which the
population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher ** the most
bias quasi-experiment -✓✓An experimental study that lacks inherent control
Experimental study -✓✓Contains all components control group, placebo, random
sample Retrospective study -✓✓data are collected from the past by going back in time
Correlational study -✓✓a research project designed to discover the degree to which
two variables are related to each other Document -✓✓a written or printed record that
gives information or proof Content analysis -✓✓a systematic analysis of the content
rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film
Cohort/longitudinal study -✓✓follows a group of people over time can be considered
retrospective and prospective Cross sectional study -✓✓research that compares people
of different ages at the same point in time Case Study -✓✓study of one individual in
great detail Survey -✓✓the collection of data by having people answer a series of
questions Historical research -✓✓Designed to determine the meaning of past events
through a review of records and literature and the sue of interviews 5 components of
dental hygiene research -✓✓a. Introduction: state the problem b. Review of the
literature c. Methods and materials d. Results and discussion e. Conclusion Research
Hypothesis -✓✓Prediction of a positive outcome Null hypothesis -✓✓a statement or
idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong Negative outcome, rejected in favor of
research hypothesis Bioethics -✓✓The study of ethics related to issues that arise in
health care. Paternalism -✓✓A policy of treating subject people as if they were children,
providing for their needs but not giving them rights. Animal research -✓✓a. No
needless suffering b. No unnecessary euthanization c. No frivolous research d. Proper
, care during study Research misconduct -✓✓a. Plagiarism b. Copyright or patent
infringement c. Falsifying or fabricating data d. Misrepresenting data Non misconduct
in research -✓✓a. Bias b. Unintentional negligence c. Disagreement about result
interpretation Informed consent -✓✓requires that a subject in a research study be
educated about the study's purpose, duration, experimental procedures, alternatives,
risks, and benefits HIPPA -✓✓Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act PHI
(Protected Health Information) -✓✓a. Information of health status b. Provision of health
care c. Payment for health care d. Payment covered by an entity e. Any form of
information that can be linked to a specific individual IRB (Institutional Review Board)
-✓✓any academic research needs to be proposed to their IRB, review for ethical
violations and/or procedural errors Organization code of ethics -✓✓Provides guidelines
for behavior that help carry out an organization's mission vision, and values. Builds
trust. Increases awareness of ethical issues. Guides decision making. Encourages staff
to seek advice and report organizational misconduct. Ethical considerations -✓✓Issues
of research that take into account the welfare of participants a. Human study subjects
must always be voluntary b. Participants must be free to participate or and to withdraw
at any time for any reason c. AIDS control groups offered experimental tx at end of
study. Occupational vs Professional Model -✓✓no ownership of care delegation by
supervising dentist based off mechanical abilities vs solid scientific knowledge based
critical thinker problem solver assumes responsibility for care Discipline -✓✓theoretical
body of knowledge; relevance to societal need and demand; educated by masters in
the field Field of Study -✓✓sub discipline; area of emphasis within a larger context
Goals of DH research -✓✓a. Improve public health b. Advance and promote dental
hygiene, which will ultimately improve the public's health Sensitivity -✓✓small
differences can be detected Prevalance -✓✓total # cases at a given time incidence
-✓✓Number of new cases seen summative evaluation -✓✓exam of the program's merit
after it has been implemented Formative evaluation -✓✓internal examination of a
program's internal process PSR (Periodontal Screening and Recording) -✓✓-Rapid &
effective manner to assess the state of periodontal health -Requires a special probe
-Preliminary screening in large populations CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of
Treatment Needs) -✓✓Measure pockets, bleeding and dental biofilm retention factors
using cpitn probe PDI (Periodontal Disease Index) -✓✓-Ramfjord teeth (3, 9, 12, 19, 25,
28) -Irreversible & reversible -Measures prevalence & severity of periodontal disease
-Measures both the reversible (gingival) & irreversible (attachment loss) of periodontal
disease GI (Gingival Index) -✓✓-Reversible -Based on severity of inflammation and
location -Can be used to determine prevalence and severity of gingivitis in cohort
groups as well as individuals PI (Periodontal Index) -✓✓-Russell -Irreversible -Each tooth
is scored according to the condition of surrounding tissue -Does NOT measure loss of
attachment (question validity) EIBI (Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index)
-✓✓-reversible -uses wooden interdental cleaner -asses papillary bleeding-indicates
inflammation SBI (Sulcular Bleeding Index) -✓✓locates areas of gingival sulcus
bleeding upon gentle probing GBI (Gingival Bleeding Index) -✓✓-reversible -uses
unwaxed floss -check for bleeding and delayed bleeding-gingival inflammation VMI
(Volpe-Manhold Index) -✓✓used to test agents for plaque control and calc inhibition;
Exam Questions and Answers
Verified Solutions Latest Update
Question:
Pilot Study
Answer:
A small version of a proposed study, and is carried out on a small, sometimes
intentionally chosen sample. Placebo effect -✓✓Phenomenon where study participants
in the control taking the placebo actually see an improvement Wash out period
-✓✓Period of time with no tx independent variable -✓✓Variables that may influence or
impact the outcome (dependent variable) dependent varieable -✓✓outcome being
studied (new drug or surgical procedures) Random -✓✓best way to ensure adequate
representation systemic sampling -✓✓select some starting point and then select every
kth element in the population convenience sampling -✓✓choosing individuals who are
easiest to reach judgmental sampling -✓✓a form of convenience sampling in which the
population elements are selected based on the judgment of the researcher ** the most
bias quasi-experiment -✓✓An experimental study that lacks inherent control
Experimental study -✓✓Contains all components control group, placebo, random
sample Retrospective study -✓✓data are collected from the past by going back in time
Correlational study -✓✓a research project designed to discover the degree to which
two variables are related to each other Document -✓✓a written or printed record that
gives information or proof Content analysis -✓✓a systematic analysis of the content
rather than the structure of a communication, such as a written work, speech, or film
Cohort/longitudinal study -✓✓follows a group of people over time can be considered
retrospective and prospective Cross sectional study -✓✓research that compares people
of different ages at the same point in time Case Study -✓✓study of one individual in
great detail Survey -✓✓the collection of data by having people answer a series of
questions Historical research -✓✓Designed to determine the meaning of past events
through a review of records and literature and the sue of interviews 5 components of
dental hygiene research -✓✓a. Introduction: state the problem b. Review of the
literature c. Methods and materials d. Results and discussion e. Conclusion Research
Hypothesis -✓✓Prediction of a positive outcome Null hypothesis -✓✓a statement or
idea that can be falsified, or proved wrong Negative outcome, rejected in favor of
research hypothesis Bioethics -✓✓The study of ethics related to issues that arise in
health care. Paternalism -✓✓A policy of treating subject people as if they were children,
providing for their needs but not giving them rights. Animal research -✓✓a. No
needless suffering b. No unnecessary euthanization c. No frivolous research d. Proper
, care during study Research misconduct -✓✓a. Plagiarism b. Copyright or patent
infringement c. Falsifying or fabricating data d. Misrepresenting data Non misconduct
in research -✓✓a. Bias b. Unintentional negligence c. Disagreement about result
interpretation Informed consent -✓✓requires that a subject in a research study be
educated about the study's purpose, duration, experimental procedures, alternatives,
risks, and benefits HIPPA -✓✓Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act PHI
(Protected Health Information) -✓✓a. Information of health status b. Provision of health
care c. Payment for health care d. Payment covered by an entity e. Any form of
information that can be linked to a specific individual IRB (Institutional Review Board)
-✓✓any academic research needs to be proposed to their IRB, review for ethical
violations and/or procedural errors Organization code of ethics -✓✓Provides guidelines
for behavior that help carry out an organization's mission vision, and values. Builds
trust. Increases awareness of ethical issues. Guides decision making. Encourages staff
to seek advice and report organizational misconduct. Ethical considerations -✓✓Issues
of research that take into account the welfare of participants a. Human study subjects
must always be voluntary b. Participants must be free to participate or and to withdraw
at any time for any reason c. AIDS control groups offered experimental tx at end of
study. Occupational vs Professional Model -✓✓no ownership of care delegation by
supervising dentist based off mechanical abilities vs solid scientific knowledge based
critical thinker problem solver assumes responsibility for care Discipline -✓✓theoretical
body of knowledge; relevance to societal need and demand; educated by masters in
the field Field of Study -✓✓sub discipline; area of emphasis within a larger context
Goals of DH research -✓✓a. Improve public health b. Advance and promote dental
hygiene, which will ultimately improve the public's health Sensitivity -✓✓small
differences can be detected Prevalance -✓✓total # cases at a given time incidence
-✓✓Number of new cases seen summative evaluation -✓✓exam of the program's merit
after it has been implemented Formative evaluation -✓✓internal examination of a
program's internal process PSR (Periodontal Screening and Recording) -✓✓-Rapid &
effective manner to assess the state of periodontal health -Requires a special probe
-Preliminary screening in large populations CPITN (Community Periodontal Index of
Treatment Needs) -✓✓Measure pockets, bleeding and dental biofilm retention factors
using cpitn probe PDI (Periodontal Disease Index) -✓✓-Ramfjord teeth (3, 9, 12, 19, 25,
28) -Irreversible & reversible -Measures prevalence & severity of periodontal disease
-Measures both the reversible (gingival) & irreversible (attachment loss) of periodontal
disease GI (Gingival Index) -✓✓-Reversible -Based on severity of inflammation and
location -Can be used to determine prevalence and severity of gingivitis in cohort
groups as well as individuals PI (Periodontal Index) -✓✓-Russell -Irreversible -Each tooth
is scored according to the condition of surrounding tissue -Does NOT measure loss of
attachment (question validity) EIBI (Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index)
-✓✓-reversible -uses wooden interdental cleaner -asses papillary bleeding-indicates
inflammation SBI (Sulcular Bleeding Index) -✓✓locates areas of gingival sulcus
bleeding upon gentle probing GBI (Gingival Bleeding Index) -✓✓-reversible -uses
unwaxed floss -check for bleeding and delayed bleeding-gingival inflammation VMI
(Volpe-Manhold Index) -✓✓used to test agents for plaque control and calc inhibition;
