NURS 332 MIDTERM #2 | PRACTICE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS | COMPREHENSIVE NCLEX
NURSING STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
what is the main functional unit of the kidney? - correct answer ✔✔nephrons
what parts make up a nephron? - correct answer ✔✔Renal tubule
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Efferent arteriole
loop of henle
what are the kidneys functions? - correct answer ✔✔- Regulate volume - composition & PH of
fluids
- filtration, secretion, reabsorption
how much blood does the kidney get from cardiac output? - correct answer ✔✔1200 ml/min or
25% of cardiac output
most accurate marker for indicating kidney failure? - correct answer ✔✔Serum Creatinine
(initial --> current level)
what is BUN? - correct answer ✔✔blood urea nitrogen
summarize acute kidney injury (AKI)? - correct answer ✔✔- sudden decrease in function
- potentially reversible if treated
- identified by oliguria, BUN and creatine (azotemia)
, 4 causes of AKI? - correct answer ✔✔- hypovolemia
- occlusion
- nephrotoxic drugs
- relative decrease in blood volume (MI/Sepsis)
explain pre, intra and post renal injuries? - correct answer ✔✔pre - interference with renal
perfusion
intra- within the kidney damage
post - obstruction below the kidney somewhere in the urinary tract
types of intra renal injuries? - correct answer ✔✔-ATN (acute tubular necrosis)
-Destruction of tubular epithelial cells from: schema, sepsis, HTN, infection, toxicity,
rnhabdomylosis, vascular issuses
4 steps of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)? - correct answer ✔✔1. initiation: increases BUN and
creatinine and decreased urine output
2. oliguria: days --> weeks of anuria, oliguria, dilute urine, longer periods of oliguria
3. diuresis: less than 400ml UO daily, low specific gravity, higher urine RBC, protein, WBC , Na+
4. recovery: return of GRF, BUN, creatinine. MONITOR for hypokalemia/ natremia and
electrolyte imbalances/ dehydration
give an example of a post renal injury? - correct answer ✔✔enlarged prostate compressing
urethra
what is uraemia? - correct answer ✔✔a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous
waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys.
how to calculate urine output? - correct answer ✔✔1500-2000ml/kg/hr
NURSING STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
what is the main functional unit of the kidney? - correct answer ✔✔nephrons
what parts make up a nephron? - correct answer ✔✔Renal tubule
Glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
Efferent arteriole
loop of henle
what are the kidneys functions? - correct answer ✔✔- Regulate volume - composition & PH of
fluids
- filtration, secretion, reabsorption
how much blood does the kidney get from cardiac output? - correct answer ✔✔1200 ml/min or
25% of cardiac output
most accurate marker for indicating kidney failure? - correct answer ✔✔Serum Creatinine
(initial --> current level)
what is BUN? - correct answer ✔✔blood urea nitrogen
summarize acute kidney injury (AKI)? - correct answer ✔✔- sudden decrease in function
- potentially reversible if treated
- identified by oliguria, BUN and creatine (azotemia)
, 4 causes of AKI? - correct answer ✔✔- hypovolemia
- occlusion
- nephrotoxic drugs
- relative decrease in blood volume (MI/Sepsis)
explain pre, intra and post renal injuries? - correct answer ✔✔pre - interference with renal
perfusion
intra- within the kidney damage
post - obstruction below the kidney somewhere in the urinary tract
types of intra renal injuries? - correct answer ✔✔-ATN (acute tubular necrosis)
-Destruction of tubular epithelial cells from: schema, sepsis, HTN, infection, toxicity,
rnhabdomylosis, vascular issuses
4 steps of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)? - correct answer ✔✔1. initiation: increases BUN and
creatinine and decreased urine output
2. oliguria: days --> weeks of anuria, oliguria, dilute urine, longer periods of oliguria
3. diuresis: less than 400ml UO daily, low specific gravity, higher urine RBC, protein, WBC , Na+
4. recovery: return of GRF, BUN, creatinine. MONITOR for hypokalemia/ natremia and
electrolyte imbalances/ dehydration
give an example of a post renal injury? - correct answer ✔✔enlarged prostate compressing
urethra
what is uraemia? - correct answer ✔✔a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous
waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys.
how to calculate urine output? - correct answer ✔✔1500-2000ml/kg/hr
