NR283: Pathophysiology Final Exam-study guide questions and
answers A+ Grade 2026\2027
what is osteoporosis?
- correct answer complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
- correct answer white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
- correct answer silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis?
- correct answer fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis?
- correct answer active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis?
- correct answer -Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
-Increased osteoclast activity
-decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis?
- correct answer -chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease
-exaggerated immune response
,-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage and
bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
- correct answer inflammation, fever, weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender,
and stiff joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
- correct answer systemic symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk?
- correct answer a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury?
- correct answer Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body?
- correct answer Decrease pain threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body?
- correct answer reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
, what do endorphins do for the body?
- correct answer prevent transmission of pain signals
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent?
- correct answer CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent?
- correct answer PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance?
- correct answer amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the stimuli
what is pain threshold?
- correct answer *same for everyone*
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception?
- correct answer brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission?
- correct answer signal goes to the CNS
what is the role of pain transduction?
- correct answer nociceptors pick up pain signals
what is the role of nociceptors?
- correct answer transmits pain
answers A+ Grade 2026\2027
what is osteoporosis?
- correct answer complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
- correct answer white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
- correct answer silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis?
- correct answer fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis?
- correct answer active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis?
- correct answer -Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
-Increased osteoclast activity
-decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis?
- correct answer -chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease
-exaggerated immune response
,-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage and
bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
- correct answer inflammation, fever, weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender,
and stiff joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
- correct answer systemic symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk?
- correct answer a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury?
- correct answer Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body?
- correct answer Decrease pain threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body?
- correct answer reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
, what do endorphins do for the body?
- correct answer prevent transmission of pain signals
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent?
- correct answer CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent?
- correct answer PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance?
- correct answer amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the stimuli
what is pain threshold?
- correct answer *same for everyone*
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception?
- correct answer brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission?
- correct answer signal goes to the CNS
what is the role of pain transduction?
- correct answer nociceptors pick up pain signals
what is the role of nociceptors?
- correct answer transmits pain
