NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 questions with verified Actual
answers A+ Grade 2026\2027
systemic circulation
- correct answer exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation
- correct answer gas exchange in the lungs
function of plasma proteins
- correct answer osmotic pressure, antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes
- correct answer contain hemoglobin, life span of about 120 days
erythropoietin
- correct answer produced in the kidney, stimulates erythrocyte production
3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis)
- correct answer 1. vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3. coagulation
mechanism
Rh+
- correct answer antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh-
- correct answer absence of antigen D
anemia
- correct answer causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic problem is hemoglobin deficit
,oxygen deficit leads to
- correct answer less energy production in all cells, tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction-
compensation mechanisms
general signs of anemia
- correct answer fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased regeneration of epithelial cells, severe
anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia
- correct answer insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis, microcytic (smaller) and hypochromic
(less color)
etiology of iron deficiency anemia
- correct answer dietary intake of iron below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal
absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
- correct answer general signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair, stomatitis,
glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency)
- correct answer lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa, required for
intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for function of neurons (demylination). Macrocytic
(larger) and hyperchromic (more color), enlarged tongue
etiology of pernicious anemia
- correct answer dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia
- correct answer general signs, tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive discomfort, feeling of
pins and needles (paresthesia), tingling of limbs
, aplastic anemia
- correct answer impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia
(decrease in RBC's/WBC's and Platelets). Normocytosis (regular cells just not enough of them)
pancytopenia
- correct answer decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
etiology of aplastic anemia
- correct answer myelotoxins (suppressed bone marrow): radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs, genetic
abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia
- correct answer general signs, leukopenia (recurrent infection), thrombocytopenia (excessive bleeding,
petechiae)
sickle cell anemia
- correct answer caused by genetic condition, autosomal recessive disorder, more common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia
- correct answer abnormal hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered,
sickle shaped cells have shorter lifespan, sickle cell hemoglobin leads to multiple infarctions
signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia
- correct answer general signs, severe pain because of ischemia of tissues and infarction, jaundice,
hyperbillirubinemia, acute symptom of vaso-occlusive/painful crisis
primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
- correct answer increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic
disorder, serum erythropoietin levels are low
secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis)
- correct answer increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion,
compensation mechanism to provide increased oxygen transport
answers A+ Grade 2026\2027
systemic circulation
- correct answer exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes in tissues
pulmonary circulation
- correct answer gas exchange in the lungs
function of plasma proteins
- correct answer osmotic pressure, antibody, and blood clots
erythrocytes
- correct answer contain hemoglobin, life span of about 120 days
erythropoietin
- correct answer produced in the kidney, stimulates erythrocyte production
3 steps of blood clotting (hemostasis)
- correct answer 1. vasoconstriction of vascular spasm after injury 2. platelet clot 3. coagulation
mechanism
Rh+
- correct answer antigen D in plasma membrane
Rh-
- correct answer absence of antigen D
anemia
- correct answer causes a reduction in oxygen transport, basic problem is hemoglobin deficit
,oxygen deficit leads to
- correct answer less energy production in all cells, tachycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction-
compensation mechanisms
general signs of anemia
- correct answer fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, tachycardia, decreased regeneration of epithelial cells, severe
anemia may lead to angina of CHF
iron deficiency anemia
- correct answer insufficient iron impairs hemoglobin synthesis, microcytic (smaller) and hypochromic
(less color)
etiology of iron deficiency anemia
- correct answer dietary intake of iron below minimum, chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal
absorption of iron, severe liver disease
signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia
- correct answer general signs of anemia + spoon shaped and ridged nails, brittle hair, stomatitis,
glossitis, menstrual irregularities, delayed healing
pernicious anemia (vitamin B12 deficiency)
- correct answer lack of intrinsic factor, intrinsic factor secreted by gastric mucosa, required for
intestinal absorption of vitamin B12, B12 needed for function of neurons (demylination). Macrocytic
(larger) and hyperchromic (more color), enlarged tongue
etiology of pernicious anemia
- correct answer dietary insufficiency, malabsorption, surgery, such as gastrectomy
signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia
- correct answer general signs, tongue enlarged, red, sore, and shiny, digestive discomfort, feeling of
pins and needles (paresthesia), tingling of limbs
, aplastic anemia
- correct answer impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia
(decrease in RBC's/WBC's and Platelets). Normocytosis (regular cells just not enough of them)
pancytopenia
- correct answer decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
etiology of aplastic anemia
- correct answer myelotoxins (suppressed bone marrow): radiation, industrial chemicals, drugs, genetic
abnormalities, hep C, SLE
signs and symptoms of aplastic anemia
- correct answer general signs, leukopenia (recurrent infection), thrombocytopenia (excessive bleeding,
petechiae)
sickle cell anemia
- correct answer caused by genetic condition, autosomal recessive disorder, more common in Africans
etiology of sickle cell anemia
- correct answer abnormal hemoglobin, sickle cell crisis occurs whenever oxygen levels are lowered,
sickle shaped cells have shorter lifespan, sickle cell hemoglobin leads to multiple infarctions
signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia
- correct answer general signs, severe pain because of ischemia of tissues and infarction, jaundice,
hyperbillirubinemia, acute symptom of vaso-occlusive/painful crisis
primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
- correct answer increased production of erythrocytes and other cells in the bone marrow, neoplastic
disorder, serum erythropoietin levels are low
secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis)
- correct answer increase in RBCs in response to prolonged hypoxia, increased erythropoietin secretion,
compensation mechanism to provide increased oxygen transport
