PNP401 Questions and Correct Answers
fluid compartments
1. intracellular (ICF) = in cell
2. extracellular (ECF) = out of cell, ex. interstitial, in vessels
fluid spacings
1. first spacing = proper fluid placement in ICF and ECF
2. second spacing = abnormal amount of interstitial fluid (NOT in cell or vessel)
3. third spacing = fluid is in the wrong place
methods of substance movement in the body
active transport
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure
IV fluid: LR
lactated ringers
has no effect on fluid compartment vol but is expensive
IV fluid: NS
0.9% Saline but also comes in other amounts
0.9% standard isotonic = no fluid compartment shift
,0.45% hypotonic = draws in fluid and takes solutes from the cell
0.3% hypertonic = draws out fluid and gives solutes to the cell
IV fluid: Dextrose
D5W can be isotonic or hypotonic
the body uses glucose and water to reduce osmotic gradients
IV fluid: Albumen
fluid containing the binding protein albumen = shifts fluid into ECF and vessel to increase
osmotic pressure and maintain BP
- use: burns
IV fluid: Plasma
the liquid component of blood
given to replenish the intravascular vol
isotonic
(iso is the same)
has the same concentration of solutes and fluid as blood
hypotonic
(hypo is low)
has lower concentration of solutes than blood
hypertonic
(hyper is high)
has higher concentration of solutes than blood
Regulators of fluid volume
, 1. hypothalamic
2. pituitary
3. adrenal/cortical
4. renal
5. cardiac
6. GI
hypothalamic fluid regulation
Thirst Mechanism
Function: increase body fluid vol
Where: Hypothalamus
Mec/process: high osmolarity is sensed by osmoreceptors, the hypothalamus responds by
sending neural signals to higher sensory areas in the Cortex to stimulate the conscious
thought to drink
Trigger: high osmolarity/low fluid vol
Pituitary fluid regulation
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function: maintain or increase fluid vol
Where: acts on kidney
Mec/process: the Pituitary releases ADH into the blood to affect the kidneys by making the
tubules more permeable to reabsorb water back into the blood during filtration
Trigger: osmoreceptors detect high osmolarity
Inhibited by ANP
Adrenal/cortical fluid regulation
fluid compartments
1. intracellular (ICF) = in cell
2. extracellular (ECF) = out of cell, ex. interstitial, in vessels
fluid spacings
1. first spacing = proper fluid placement in ICF and ECF
2. second spacing = abnormal amount of interstitial fluid (NOT in cell or vessel)
3. third spacing = fluid is in the wrong place
methods of substance movement in the body
active transport
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
hydrostatic pressure
oncotic pressure
IV fluid: LR
lactated ringers
has no effect on fluid compartment vol but is expensive
IV fluid: NS
0.9% Saline but also comes in other amounts
0.9% standard isotonic = no fluid compartment shift
,0.45% hypotonic = draws in fluid and takes solutes from the cell
0.3% hypertonic = draws out fluid and gives solutes to the cell
IV fluid: Dextrose
D5W can be isotonic or hypotonic
the body uses glucose and water to reduce osmotic gradients
IV fluid: Albumen
fluid containing the binding protein albumen = shifts fluid into ECF and vessel to increase
osmotic pressure and maintain BP
- use: burns
IV fluid: Plasma
the liquid component of blood
given to replenish the intravascular vol
isotonic
(iso is the same)
has the same concentration of solutes and fluid as blood
hypotonic
(hypo is low)
has lower concentration of solutes than blood
hypertonic
(hyper is high)
has higher concentration of solutes than blood
Regulators of fluid volume
, 1. hypothalamic
2. pituitary
3. adrenal/cortical
4. renal
5. cardiac
6. GI
hypothalamic fluid regulation
Thirst Mechanism
Function: increase body fluid vol
Where: Hypothalamus
Mec/process: high osmolarity is sensed by osmoreceptors, the hypothalamus responds by
sending neural signals to higher sensory areas in the Cortex to stimulate the conscious
thought to drink
Trigger: high osmolarity/low fluid vol
Pituitary fluid regulation
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Function: maintain or increase fluid vol
Where: acts on kidney
Mec/process: the Pituitary releases ADH into the blood to affect the kidneys by making the
tubules more permeable to reabsorb water back into the blood during filtration
Trigger: osmoreceptors detect high osmolarity
Inhibited by ANP
Adrenal/cortical fluid regulation
