IVY TECH APHY 101 Final Exam Study
Guide
Questions and Answers
1. :
2. what are the parts of a long bone?: epiphysis and diaphysis
3. What is the epiphysis?: end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint) with another bone.
4. What is the diaphysis?: shaft of a long bone
5. What is the medullary cavity?: hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this cavity
6. What is the periosteum?: a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enclosing a bone
7. what is compact bone?: wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly packed tissue
8. what is spongy bone?: cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
9. Describe the process of ossification: step one 1: cordlike and connects muscles to
bones; a broad
sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
,step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some from
tendons. step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
10. What is the epiphyseal plate?: as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and
in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
11. what are osteoclasts?: cells that break down bone
12. what are osteoblasts?: bone forming cells
13. what are the functions of the skeletal system?: support, protection,
movement, storage,
blood cell formation
14. What is the axial skeleton?: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
15. What is the appendicular skeleton?: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle,
lower limbs
16. what are the steps of fracture repair?: 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels,
tissues in broken
bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become irritated.
,2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a bony callus.
This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
17. how are bones classified?: by shape
18. what are the shapes of bones?: long, short, flat, irregular
19. example of long bone: femur
20. example of short bones are: carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
21. examples of flat bones: ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
22. examples of irregular bones: facial bones, vertebrae
23. What is articular cartilage?: hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones
24. What is a joint capsule?: tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses
and supports and
holds the bones together.
, 25. what is a ligament?: Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
26. What is the synovial membrane?: inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the
surface within
the joint capsule.
27. What is synovial fluid?: Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at
movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.
28. what is the menisci?: cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body
weight onto these surfaces
29. what is the bursae?: fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction
30. what are the six different types of synovial joints?: 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
31. define flexion: bending a joint
32. define extension: Straightening a body part
33. define hyper extension: increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of
a joint (a back
bend)
34. define dorsiflexion: movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot
closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
Guide
Questions and Answers
1. :
2. what are the parts of a long bone?: epiphysis and diaphysis
3. What is the epiphysis?: end of a long bone that articulates (forms a joint) with another bone.
4. What is the diaphysis?: shaft of a long bone
5. What is the medullary cavity?: hollow chamber in diaphysis. marrow fills this cavity
6. What is the periosteum?: a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enclosing a bone
7. what is compact bone?: wall of the diaphysis mainly composed of tightly packed tissue
8. what is spongy bone?: cancellous bone that largely composes the epiphysis
9. Describe the process of ossification: step one 1: cordlike and connects muscles to
bones; a broad
sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles
,step 2: Long bones develop from rods of cartilage, some from membranes and some from
tendons. step 3: Ossification occurs first in the cartilage rods, then in the epiphyses of long
bones.
step 4: When the epiphysial cartilage has ossified (hardened), bone growth stops.
10. What is the epiphyseal plate?: as spongy bone is deposited in the diaphysis and
in the epiphysis, a band of cartilage will form
11. what are osteoclasts?: cells that break down bone
12. what are osteoblasts?: bone forming cells
13. what are the functions of the skeletal system?: support, protection,
movement, storage,
blood cell formation
14. What is the axial skeleton?: skull, vertebral column, rib cage
15. What is the appendicular skeleton?: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle,
lower limbs
16. what are the steps of fracture repair?: 1. Hematoma formation- blood vessels,
tissues in broken
bone are torn resulting in a
Hematoma mass of clotted cells. Bone cells with no nutrition will die and area will become irritated.
,2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation- phagocytic cells invade the area and begin cleaning up the debris.
3. Bone callus formation- about 1 week into repair, new bone begins to repair. This is called a bony callus.
This continues for about 3 months.
4. Bone remodeling- excess material removed, shaft was reconstructed.
17. how are bones classified?: by shape
18. what are the shapes of bones?: long, short, flat, irregular
19. example of long bone: femur
20. example of short bones are: carpals and tarsals in the ankle and wrist
21. examples of flat bones: ribs, scapulae, and some bones of the skull
22. examples of irregular bones: facial bones, vertebrae
23. What is articular cartilage?: hyaline cartilage covering articular ends of the bones
24. What is a joint capsule?: tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses
and supports and
holds the bones together.
, 25. what is a ligament?: Connects bone to bone and reinforce the joint capsule.
26. What is the synovial membrane?: inner layer of the joint capsule, covers all of the
surface within
the joint capsule.
27. What is synovial fluid?: Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at
movable joints and contains macrophages the remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.
28. what is the menisci?: cushion the articulating surfaces and help distribute body
weight onto these surfaces
29. what is the bursae?: fluid-filled sac that acts as a ball bearing to reduce friction
30. what are the six different types of synovial joints?: 1. Ball-and-socket joints
2. condylar/ellipsodial joint
3. plane/gliding joint
4. hinge joint
5. pivot/trochoid joint
6. saddle/sellar joint
31. define flexion: bending a joint
32. define extension: Straightening a body part
33. define hyper extension: increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of
a joint (a back
bend)
34. define dorsiflexion: movement at the ankle that moves the anterior portion of the foot
closer from the shin (rocking back on your heels)
