Anatomy and Physiology 102 Final
Exam Questions and Answers
1. What regulates pituitary gland secretion?: Hypothalamus - sends messages to
release hormones
2. What is a hormone and how does it act?: A hormone is a secreted substance into
the internal environment - to stimulate specific cells into action.
3. Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.: Glucagon is a peptide
hormone, produced by alpha cells to the pancreas, that RAISES the concentration of glucose in
the bloodstream.
Ettect is opposite for insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose.
4. How are pheromones different than hormones?: A pheromone is a secreted
chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species - attracting others.
Is a type of hormone.
5. How is inhibin used in the body?: One of two hormones produced by the gonads and
inhibit the production of Follicle - Stimulating Hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
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,6. Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands.-
: Paracrine Glands - Products act on the target cells by dittusion of their material into the
extracellular space. Autocrine Glands - Secretions act on gland, itself.
Endocrine Glands - Secrete their products, hormones, directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - Secrete their material into ducts.
7. How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus?: Diabetes
Insipitus - Disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water. Rare disease.
Diabetes Mellitus - Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. Very common.
8. Steroid Hormones.: Steroid that acts as a hormone.
Can be grouped into five groups by the receptor to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
9. Tropic Hormones.: Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target.
Most are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
10. Describe normal blood: Number of each cell type, pH.: pH Range:
7.35 - 7.45.
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,Red blood cell count: 4,000,000 to 6,000,000
White blood cell count: 3,500 to 10,500.
11. How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its
mother?: Can cause problems if female is Rh Negative and the fetus is Rh Positive. Some
positive cells may enter maternal blood at birth and stimulate maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh
antibodies.
Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood can cross the placental membrane and react with the red
blood cells of an Rh-Positive fetus.
12. What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be
found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types?: Type A blood - A antigen
and antibody Anti-B.
Type B blood - B antigen and antibody Anti-A.
Type AB blood - A and B antigens and no antibodies.
Type O blood - no antigens and antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B.
AB is universal receiver and O is universal donor.
13. Different leukocytes and their origins.: All develop from hematopoietic
stem cells in the red bone marrow.
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, Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
14. Compare formed elements of the blood.: Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) -
99.9%
White blood cells (Leukocytes) -
0.1% Platelets - 0.1%
15. Steps in clot formation.: 1. Injury to a blood vessel causes inactive clotting
factors to become activated due to exposed
conn. tissue or release of thromboplastin
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Exam Questions and Answers
1. What regulates pituitary gland secretion?: Hypothalamus - sends messages to
release hormones
2. What is a hormone and how does it act?: A hormone is a secreted substance into
the internal environment - to stimulate specific cells into action.
3. Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin.: Glucagon is a peptide
hormone, produced by alpha cells to the pancreas, that RAISES the concentration of glucose in
the bloodstream.
Ettect is opposite for insulin, which lowers the concentration of glucose.
4. How are pheromones different than hormones?: A pheromone is a secreted
chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species - attracting others.
Is a type of hormone.
5. How is inhibin used in the body?: One of two hormones produced by the gonads and
inhibit the production of Follicle - Stimulating Hormone (FSH) by the pituitary gland.
1/
42
,6. Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands.-
: Paracrine Glands - Products act on the target cells by dittusion of their material into the
extracellular space. Autocrine Glands - Secretions act on gland, itself.
Endocrine Glands - Secrete their products, hormones, directly into the bloodstream.
Exocrine Glands - Secrete their material into ducts.
7. How is diabetes insipitus different than diabetes mellitus?: Diabetes
Insipitus - Disease where kidneys are unable to conserve water. Rare disease.
Diabetes Mellitus - Characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. Very common.
8. Steroid Hormones.: Steroid that acts as a hormone.
Can be grouped into five groups by the receptor to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids,
androgens, estrogens, and progestogens.
9. Tropic Hormones.: Hormones that have other endocrine glands as their target.
Most are produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary.
10. Describe normal blood: Number of each cell type, pH.: pH Range:
7.35 - 7.45.
2/
42
,Red blood cell count: 4,000,000 to 6,000,000
White blood cell count: 3,500 to 10,500.
11. How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its
mother?: Can cause problems if female is Rh Negative and the fetus is Rh Positive. Some
positive cells may enter maternal blood at birth and stimulate maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh
antibodies.
Anti-Rh antibodies in maternal blood can cross the placental membrane and react with the red
blood cells of an Rh-Positive fetus.
12. What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be
found in the
plasma? How do these create different blood types?: Type A blood - A antigen
and antibody Anti-B.
Type B blood - B antigen and antibody Anti-A.
Type AB blood - A and B antigens and no antibodies.
Type O blood - no antigens and antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B.
AB is universal receiver and O is universal donor.
13. Different leukocytes and their origins.: All develop from hematopoietic
stem cells in the red bone marrow.
3/
42
, Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
14. Compare formed elements of the blood.: Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) -
99.9%
White blood cells (Leukocytes) -
0.1% Platelets - 0.1%
15. Steps in clot formation.: 1. Injury to a blood vessel causes inactive clotting
factors to become activated due to exposed
conn. tissue or release of thromboplastin
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42
