APHY 102 MIDTERM-IVYTECH
Questions and Answers
1. What is a hormone and how does it act?: Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
2. Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone
secretions: A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
3. What is paracrine?: A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same tissue.
4. What is autocrine?: Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind
yourself) common in cancer cells
5. What is endocrine gland: glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
6. What is the exocrine gland?: Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto
surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
7. Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body?:
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,Pituitary Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of
Esophagus Adrenal Gland- Abdominal
Area, above kidney. Pancreas Gland-
Abdominal Area
8. Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action: Sex hormones
and adrenal
cortex hormones. Steroid hormones dittuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus.
Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of
messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins
produce hormone's specific ettects.
9. Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action:
Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid
carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's membrane. Adenylate cyclase
circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinases activate protein
substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular changes produce the hormone's ettects.
10. How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior
pituitary gland: The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and
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, connects to
the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary remains connected by the
hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving
messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
11. What regulates pituitary gland secretion: Hypothalamus
12. What are tropic hormones?: hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
13. Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they
are released from, what are their target organs, how they are
controlled, and how do they affect the body?: Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain hormones
from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control growth and
development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate production of
sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone
(GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion
of sex hormones in both genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)-
promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones
from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin (OT)-
smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the
3/
17
Questions and Answers
1. What is a hormone and how does it act?: Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
2. Understand the role of negative feedback in control of hormone
secretions: A
control mechanism in which rising level of a hormone leads to a decrease in hormone secretion
3. What is paracrine?: A chemical messenger or hormone that acts locally on the same tissue.
4. What is autocrine?: Local regulator acts on the cell that released it (a note to remind
yourself) common in cancer cells
5. What is endocrine gland: glands that secrete their products into tissue fluid or blood
6. What is the exocrine gland?: Glands that secrete products into ducts that open onto
surfaces, such as the skin or the lining of the digestive tract
7. Where can the different endocrine glands be found in the body?:
1/
17
,Pituitary Gland-In the skull (brain)
Thyroid Gland- Left side of Esophagus
Parathyroid Gland- Right side of
Esophagus Adrenal Gland- Abdominal
Area, above kidney. Pancreas Gland-
Abdominal Area
8. Describe steroid hormones and their mechanism of action: Sex hormones
and adrenal
cortex hormones. Steroid hormones dittuse through cell membranes and enter cytoplasm or nucleus.
Then they combine with a receptor molecule, which together bind to DNA and promote transcription of
messenger RNA. mRNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis. Newly synthesized proteins
produce hormone's specific ettects.
9. Describe non-steroid hormones and their mechanism of action:
Amines, proteins,
peptides, and glycoproteins. The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid
carries hormone to its target cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell,
activating G protein. Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in cell's membrane. Adenylate cyclase
circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases. Protein kinases activate protein
substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes. Cellular changes produce the hormone's ettects.
10. How is the anterior pituitary different than the posterior
pituitary gland: The
anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the body and
2/
17
, connects to
the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile the posterior pituitary remains connected by the
hypothalamus functioning as a respiratory for hormones produced by the hypothalamus and receiving
messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and through the anterior pituitary
11. What regulates pituitary gland secretion: Hypothalamus
12. What are tropic hormones?: hormones that have other endocrine glands as their
targets
13. Name the hormones secreted from each gland, where they
are released from, what are their target organs, how they are
controlled, and how do they affect the body?: Anterior Pituitary hormones:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)- controls the manufacture and secretion of certain hormones
from the outer layer of the adrenal gland, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)- control growth and
development of follicles that house egg cells in the ovaries in females and stimulate production of
sperm in the testes in males, growth hormone
(GH)- stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide, luteinizing hormone (LH)- promotes secretion
of sex hormones in both genders and allows release of egg cells from the ovaries, prolactin (PRL)-
promotes milk production, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)- controls secretion of certain hormones
from the thyroid gland.
Posterior pituitary hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)- reduces the volume of water that the kidneys excrete, oxytocin (OT)-
smooth muscle contraction & allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may stimulate the
3/
17
