APHY 102 Midterm Exam - Ivy Tech
Questions and Answers
1. What is a hormone and how does it act?: Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
2. What is a paracrine gland?: a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only
neighboring cells
3. What is an autocrine gland?: A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
4. What is an endocrine gland?: A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the
bloodstream and act on target cells
5. What is an exocrine gland?: A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body
surface.
6. Where is the thymus located?: mediastinum; behind the sternum
7. Where is the pineal gland located?: center of brain
,8. Where are the reproductive organs located?: abdomen; pelvic
9. Where is the pituitary gland located?: sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of
the brain
10. Where are the adrenal glands located?: on top of each kidney
11. Where is the pancreas located?: posterior to the stomach
12. What are the two steroid hormones?: Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
13. Describe steroid hormones: -diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
14. Describe non-steroid hormones.: Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target
cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's ettects.
15. How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior
, pituitary
gland?: The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the
body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary
remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and
through the anterior pituitary
16. What regulates pituitary gland secretion?: Hypothalamus
17. Describe tropic hormones: stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
18. anterior pituitary hormones: ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate production
of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
19. posterior pituitary hormones: ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys
secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may
stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
Questions and Answers
1. What is a hormone and how does it act?: Hormones are chemical
messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are secreted into body fluids, mainly blood.
It has specific actions on target tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that
particular hormone.
2. What is a paracrine gland?: a secretion that enters interstitial fluid but affects only
neighboring cells
3. What is an autocrine gland?: A secretion that only affects the secreting cell.
4. What is an endocrine gland?: A gland that secretes a substance (a hormone) into the
bloodstream and act on target cells
5. What is an exocrine gland?: A ducted gland that produces a secretion onto a body
surface.
6. Where is the thymus located?: mediastinum; behind the sternum
7. Where is the pineal gland located?: center of brain
,8. Where are the reproductive organs located?: abdomen; pelvic
9. Where is the pituitary gland located?: sella turcica of the sphenoid bone; base of
the brain
10. Where are the adrenal glands located?: on top of each kidney
11. Where is the pancreas located?: posterior to the stomach
12. What are the two steroid hormones?: Sex hormones and adrenal cortex
hormones; estrogen and testosterone
13. Describe steroid hormones: -diffuse through cell membranes into cytoplasm or
nucleus
-combine with a receptor molecule binding to DNA
-promote transcription of mRNA
-mRNA enters cytoplasm directing protein synthesis
14. Describe non-steroid hormones.: Amines, proteins, peptides, and glycoproteins.
The endocrine gland secretes nonsteroid hormones, which body fluid carries hormone to its target
cell. Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein. Cellular
changes produce the hormone's ettects.
15. How is the anterior pituitary gland different than the posterior
, pituitary
gland?: The anterior pituitary becomes an endocrine gland producing and secreting hormones for the
body and connects to the posterior pituitary when fully formed. Meanwhile, the posterior pituitary
remains connected to the hypothalamus, functioning as a repository for hormones produced by the
hypothalamus and receiving messages from it that regulate when hormones are to be released to and
through the anterior pituitary
16. What regulates pituitary gland secretion?: Hypothalamus
17. Describe tropic hormones: stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
18. anterior pituitary hormones: ACTH - controls manufacture and secretion of
certain hormones from the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
FSH - controls growth and development of follicles that house egg cells in ovaries and stimulate production
of sperm cells in the testes.
GH - stimulates cells to enlarge and more rapidly divide
LH - promotes secretion of sex hormones and allows release of egg cells
from ovaries PRL - promotes milk production
TSH - controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid
19. posterior pituitary hormones: ADH - reduces volume of water that kidneys
secrete
Oxytocin - smooth muscle contraction and allows contraction of the uterus during childbirth and may
stimulate the movement of certain fluids in the male reproductive tract during sexual activity
