WGU C180 Full Review Examination with accurate answers
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Classical conditioning - ANSWERS💫✔️-Learning to associate 2 stimuli together, which leads to an
organism anticipating future events. Example: Ivan Paplov studied salivation in dogs as a precursor to
digestion.
Unconditioned stimulus - ANSWERS💫✔️-Stimulus that automatically triggers a response naturally.
Unlearned.
Unconditioned response - ANSWERS💫✔️-Naturally occuring, unlearned response to an unconditioned
stimulus. Unlearned.
Conditioned stimulus - ANSWERS💫✔️-Originally neutral stimulus that triggers a response after an
association with an unconditioned stimulus is formed. Learned.
Conditioned response - ANSWERS💫✔️-Learned response to a stimulus that was originally neutral, but
is now conditioned.
Extinction - ANSWERS💫✔️-Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no linger paired with the
conditioned stimulus. Make the behavior go away.
Generalization - ANSWERS💫✔️-Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus will also elicit the
conditioned response. Avoid things that are similar to things that have hurt us.
Operant conditioning - ANSWERS💫✔️-Controlling behavior through consequences. Behavior
strengthened by reinforcement and weakened by punishment.
Positive reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-Increases behavior by presenting a positive stimulus. Adding
Example: giving dog a treat to roll over
,Negative reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-Increases behavior by stopping a negative stimulus.
Subtracting Example: you buy your child a toy in the store and he stops crying. This will increase your
toy buying behavior.
Primary reinforcer - ANSWERS💫✔️-Does not have to be learned. Satisfies a biological need. Food.
Water. Similar to unconditioned stimuli.
Secondary reinforcer - ANSWERS💫✔️-Has to be learned. These can get us the primary reinforcers.
Good grades. Money. Similar to conditioned stimuli.
Reinforcement schedules - ANSWERS💫✔️-Continuous and partial
Continuous reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. For example
if you give your child a candy bar every time he cleans his room.
Partial reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-A behavior is reinforced only part of the time it occurs.
Example: you gave your child a candy bar every so often after he cleans his room. Note: this type of
schedule is much more difficult to extinguish
Partial reinforcement schedule types - ANSWERS💫✔️-Ratio and Interval
Ratio - ANSWERS💫✔️-Reinforcement that occurs after a number of responses occur - response
Interval - ANSWERS💫✔️-Reinforcement occurs after an amount of time passes - time
Fixed-ratio - ANSWERS💫✔️-A knowable pattern. You get your reinforcer after a specific number of
responses. For example: after purchasing five sandwiches, you get one free at your favorite deli
Variable-ratio - ANSWERS💫✔️-Random pattern. You get your reinforcer after an unpredictable
number of responses occur. For example: playing the lottery; playing a slot machine
, Fixed-interval - ANSWERS💫✔️-After a specified amount of time has passed, you receive a reinforcer
for your response. Example: checking to see if your mail has come, a pay period.
Variable-interval - ANSWERS💫✔️-A random amount of time has passed and you never know when
you're going to receive a reinforcer for your response. Example: checking your Facebook status for
likes. Checking your email. Note: variable schedules are much harder to stop once they have been put
in place.
Positive punishment - ANSWERS💫✔️-Adding something unpleasant to decrease or stop the behavior.
Example: corporal punishment; spraying water on the cat.
Negative punishment - ANSWERS💫✔️-Stop the behavior by the subtraction of something positive. For
example: you come in late after curfew and your parents take away your car keys.
Observational learning - ANSWERS💫✔️-Learning by observing others who are modeling behaviors.
Vicarious reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-Watching others receive reinforcement for their behavior.
Example: watching a movie in which a criminal is rewarded with money for committing a crime.
Vicarious punishment - ANSWERS💫✔️-Watching someone receive a punishment for their behavior.
Example: watching a movie in which a criminal goes to jail for committing a crime.
Social psychology - ANSWERS💫✔️-Social psychologists focus on how the situation contributes to our
behavior. It is a blend of sociology and psychology and focuses on how individuals change when
they're in the presence of others and certainly in the presence of groups.
attribution theory - ANSWERS💫✔️-We may attribute behavior to the persons personality
(dispositional attribution) or... or we can attribute it to the situation or surroundings (situational
attribution).
Fundamental attribution error - ANSWERS💫✔️-This occurs when we over estimate a persons
disposition and under estimate the situation. Example: what do we think of parents who yell at their
children in public?
latest updates
Classical conditioning - ANSWERS💫✔️-Learning to associate 2 stimuli together, which leads to an
organism anticipating future events. Example: Ivan Paplov studied salivation in dogs as a precursor to
digestion.
Unconditioned stimulus - ANSWERS💫✔️-Stimulus that automatically triggers a response naturally.
Unlearned.
Unconditioned response - ANSWERS💫✔️-Naturally occuring, unlearned response to an unconditioned
stimulus. Unlearned.
Conditioned stimulus - ANSWERS💫✔️-Originally neutral stimulus that triggers a response after an
association with an unconditioned stimulus is formed. Learned.
Conditioned response - ANSWERS💫✔️-Learned response to a stimulus that was originally neutral, but
is now conditioned.
Extinction - ANSWERS💫✔️-Occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no linger paired with the
conditioned stimulus. Make the behavior go away.
Generalization - ANSWERS💫✔️-Stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus will also elicit the
conditioned response. Avoid things that are similar to things that have hurt us.
Operant conditioning - ANSWERS💫✔️-Controlling behavior through consequences. Behavior
strengthened by reinforcement and weakened by punishment.
Positive reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-Increases behavior by presenting a positive stimulus. Adding
Example: giving dog a treat to roll over
,Negative reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-Increases behavior by stopping a negative stimulus.
Subtracting Example: you buy your child a toy in the store and he stops crying. This will increase your
toy buying behavior.
Primary reinforcer - ANSWERS💫✔️-Does not have to be learned. Satisfies a biological need. Food.
Water. Similar to unconditioned stimuli.
Secondary reinforcer - ANSWERS💫✔️-Has to be learned. These can get us the primary reinforcers.
Good grades. Money. Similar to conditioned stimuli.
Reinforcement schedules - ANSWERS💫✔️-Continuous and partial
Continuous reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-A behavior is reinforced every time it occurs. For example
if you give your child a candy bar every time he cleans his room.
Partial reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-A behavior is reinforced only part of the time it occurs.
Example: you gave your child a candy bar every so often after he cleans his room. Note: this type of
schedule is much more difficult to extinguish
Partial reinforcement schedule types - ANSWERS💫✔️-Ratio and Interval
Ratio - ANSWERS💫✔️-Reinforcement that occurs after a number of responses occur - response
Interval - ANSWERS💫✔️-Reinforcement occurs after an amount of time passes - time
Fixed-ratio - ANSWERS💫✔️-A knowable pattern. You get your reinforcer after a specific number of
responses. For example: after purchasing five sandwiches, you get one free at your favorite deli
Variable-ratio - ANSWERS💫✔️-Random pattern. You get your reinforcer after an unpredictable
number of responses occur. For example: playing the lottery; playing a slot machine
, Fixed-interval - ANSWERS💫✔️-After a specified amount of time has passed, you receive a reinforcer
for your response. Example: checking to see if your mail has come, a pay period.
Variable-interval - ANSWERS💫✔️-A random amount of time has passed and you never know when
you're going to receive a reinforcer for your response. Example: checking your Facebook status for
likes. Checking your email. Note: variable schedules are much harder to stop once they have been put
in place.
Positive punishment - ANSWERS💫✔️-Adding something unpleasant to decrease or stop the behavior.
Example: corporal punishment; spraying water on the cat.
Negative punishment - ANSWERS💫✔️-Stop the behavior by the subtraction of something positive. For
example: you come in late after curfew and your parents take away your car keys.
Observational learning - ANSWERS💫✔️-Learning by observing others who are modeling behaviors.
Vicarious reinforcement - ANSWERS💫✔️-Watching others receive reinforcement for their behavior.
Example: watching a movie in which a criminal is rewarded with money for committing a crime.
Vicarious punishment - ANSWERS💫✔️-Watching someone receive a punishment for their behavior.
Example: watching a movie in which a criminal goes to jail for committing a crime.
Social psychology - ANSWERS💫✔️-Social psychologists focus on how the situation contributes to our
behavior. It is a blend of sociology and psychology and focuses on how individuals change when
they're in the presence of others and certainly in the presence of groups.
attribution theory - ANSWERS💫✔️-We may attribute behavior to the persons personality
(dispositional attribution) or... or we can attribute it to the situation or surroundings (situational
attribution).
Fundamental attribution error - ANSWERS💫✔️-This occurs when we over estimate a persons
disposition and under estimate the situation. Example: what do we think of parents who yell at their
children in public?
