AP CSP COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Abstraction Hierarchy - ✔✔Most general concepts on top of the hierarchy and
specific concepts on the bottom
✔✔Low-Level Languages - ✔✔programming language similar to machine code
✔✔Analyze - ✔✔Artifact, usability, functionality and sustainability of true artifact
✔✔Collaboration - ✔✔Joint effort by more than one person to achieve a goal
✔✔Scalability - ✔✔Ability to either handle increasing workloads or to be easily
expanded to manage workload increases. In a software context, systems that aren't
scalable often require significant rewrites or the purchase or development of entirely
new systems.
✔✔Digital Data Representation - ✔✔
✔✔Software - ✔✔programs and other info used by a computer
✔✔Binary Sequences - ✔✔Used to represent digital data.
✔✔Metadata - ✔✔Data about data.
Provides information about the content of a digital item e.g. each digital images from a
digital camera has a file attached listing such things as date, time camera and shutter
speed
✔✔Computational artifact - ✔✔something created by a human using a computer.
✔✔Computing Tools - ✔✔used software development utility used to maintain
computers.
✔✔Binary Numbers - ✔✔Represents values using 0 and 1
✔✔Lossy data compression - ✔✔losses ability to reconstruct compressed data
✔✔Floating-point numbers - ✔✔A number that can have a fractional part
✔✔data file formats - ✔✔data stored in multiple formats based on data characteristics
✔✔privacy concerns - ✔✔arise when personal data
✔✔security concerns - ✔✔concern for protection of info
,✔✔storage media - ✔✔affects methods and costs of manipulating data
✔✔algorithm - ✔✔precise sequence of instructions
✔✔sequencing - ✔✔application of each step of an algorithm
✔✔boolean condition - ✔✔determines which part of algorithm used
✔✔selection - ✔✔uses Boolean condition to select algorithm used
✔✔iteration - ✔✔repetition of part of an algorithm
✔✔psuedo code - ✔✔notation of simplified programming language
✔✔natural language - ✔✔describe algorithms so humans can understand them
✔✔runtime - ✔✔time program takes to run
✔✔reasonable time - ✔✔number of algorithm steps less than or equal to size of the
input
✔✔solvable problem - ✔✔exactly what is says
✔✔unsolvable problem - ✔✔exactly what is says
✔✔Networks - ✔✔defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without
a center
✔✔Internet Protocol - ✔✔Standard protocol used on many LANs and on the Internet.
See TCP.
✔✔Domain name system - ✔✔Converts IP addresses into domains
✔✔IP address - ✔✔A number that uniquely identifies each computer or device
connected to the Internet.
✔✔IPv6 - ✔✔Internet Protocol version 6
✔✔HTTP - ✔✔Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A conventional set of communication rules
for controlling how Web browsers and servers pass information back and forth over the
Internet.
, ✔✔IETF - ✔✔The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes Internet
standards.
✔✔Hierarchy - ✔✔A group organized by rank
✔✔Redundancy - ✔✔unnecessary repetition
✔✔Domain name syntax - ✔✔is hierarchical
✔✔Routing - ✔✔The process of determining the best path from Point A on one network
to Point B on another is known as ____
✔✔decidable problem - ✔✔possible to make single algorithm that is always correct
✔✔undecidable problem - ✔✔impossible to construct a single correct algorithm that
always outputs yes or no
✔✔Latency - ✔✔the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its
transfer.
✔✔Trust Model - ✔✔provides a framework for delivering security mechanisms. must
include implicit or explicit validation of an entity's identity or the characteristics
necessary for a particular event or transaction to occur.
✔✔Cybersecurity - ✔✔the state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized
use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this.
✔✔Cyber Warfare - ✔✔the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a
state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for
strategic or military purposes.
✔✔DDoS - ✔✔the intentional paralyzing of a computer network by flooding it with data
sent simultaneously from many individual computers.
✔✔Phishing - ✔✔the fraudulent practice of sending emails purporting to be from
reputable companies in order to induce individuals to reveal personal information, such
as passwords and credit card numbers.
✔✔Viruses - ✔✔a piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a
detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.
✔✔Antivirus Software - ✔✔computer software used to prevent, detect and remove
malicious software.
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Abstraction Hierarchy - ✔✔Most general concepts on top of the hierarchy and
specific concepts on the bottom
✔✔Low-Level Languages - ✔✔programming language similar to machine code
✔✔Analyze - ✔✔Artifact, usability, functionality and sustainability of true artifact
✔✔Collaboration - ✔✔Joint effort by more than one person to achieve a goal
✔✔Scalability - ✔✔Ability to either handle increasing workloads or to be easily
expanded to manage workload increases. In a software context, systems that aren't
scalable often require significant rewrites or the purchase or development of entirely
new systems.
✔✔Digital Data Representation - ✔✔
✔✔Software - ✔✔programs and other info used by a computer
✔✔Binary Sequences - ✔✔Used to represent digital data.
✔✔Metadata - ✔✔Data about data.
Provides information about the content of a digital item e.g. each digital images from a
digital camera has a file attached listing such things as date, time camera and shutter
speed
✔✔Computational artifact - ✔✔something created by a human using a computer.
✔✔Computing Tools - ✔✔used software development utility used to maintain
computers.
✔✔Binary Numbers - ✔✔Represents values using 0 and 1
✔✔Lossy data compression - ✔✔losses ability to reconstruct compressed data
✔✔Floating-point numbers - ✔✔A number that can have a fractional part
✔✔data file formats - ✔✔data stored in multiple formats based on data characteristics
✔✔privacy concerns - ✔✔arise when personal data
✔✔security concerns - ✔✔concern for protection of info
,✔✔storage media - ✔✔affects methods and costs of manipulating data
✔✔algorithm - ✔✔precise sequence of instructions
✔✔sequencing - ✔✔application of each step of an algorithm
✔✔boolean condition - ✔✔determines which part of algorithm used
✔✔selection - ✔✔uses Boolean condition to select algorithm used
✔✔iteration - ✔✔repetition of part of an algorithm
✔✔psuedo code - ✔✔notation of simplified programming language
✔✔natural language - ✔✔describe algorithms so humans can understand them
✔✔runtime - ✔✔time program takes to run
✔✔reasonable time - ✔✔number of algorithm steps less than or equal to size of the
input
✔✔solvable problem - ✔✔exactly what is says
✔✔unsolvable problem - ✔✔exactly what is says
✔✔Networks - ✔✔defined by Manuel Castells as a set of interconnected nodes without
a center
✔✔Internet Protocol - ✔✔Standard protocol used on many LANs and on the Internet.
See TCP.
✔✔Domain name system - ✔✔Converts IP addresses into domains
✔✔IP address - ✔✔A number that uniquely identifies each computer or device
connected to the Internet.
✔✔IPv6 - ✔✔Internet Protocol version 6
✔✔HTTP - ✔✔Hypertext Transfer Protocol. A conventional set of communication rules
for controlling how Web browsers and servers pass information back and forth over the
Internet.
, ✔✔IETF - ✔✔The Internet Engineering Task Force develops and promotes Internet
standards.
✔✔Hierarchy - ✔✔A group organized by rank
✔✔Redundancy - ✔✔unnecessary repetition
✔✔Domain name syntax - ✔✔is hierarchical
✔✔Routing - ✔✔The process of determining the best path from Point A on one network
to Point B on another is known as ____
✔✔decidable problem - ✔✔possible to make single algorithm that is always correct
✔✔undecidable problem - ✔✔impossible to construct a single correct algorithm that
always outputs yes or no
✔✔Latency - ✔✔the delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction for its
transfer.
✔✔Trust Model - ✔✔provides a framework for delivering security mechanisms. must
include implicit or explicit validation of an entity's identity or the characteristics
necessary for a particular event or transaction to occur.
✔✔Cybersecurity - ✔✔the state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized
use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this.
✔✔Cyber Warfare - ✔✔the use of computer technology to disrupt the activities of a
state or organization, especially the deliberate attacking of information systems for
strategic or military purposes.
✔✔DDoS - ✔✔the intentional paralyzing of a computer network by flooding it with data
sent simultaneously from many individual computers.
✔✔Phishing - ✔✔the fraudulent practice of sending emails purporting to be from
reputable companies in order to induce individuals to reveal personal information, such
as passwords and credit card numbers.
✔✔Viruses - ✔✔a piece of code that is capable of copying itself and typically has a
detrimental effect, such as corrupting the system or destroying data.
✔✔Antivirus Software - ✔✔computer software used to prevent, detect and remove
malicious software.
