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NURS 231 Final Exam – Spring Session 2026 – Complete Exam Questions and Answers Study Guide

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This document contains a comprehensive NURS 231 Final Exam study guide with multiple-choice questions, short-answer responses, and verified answers covering core nursing and pathophysiology concepts. The material includes cardiovascular disorders, respiratory diseases, hematology, endocrine disorders, renal conditions, gastrointestinal disorders, neurology, musculoskeletal disorders, immunology, oncology, pharmacology, and evidence-based patient care. The content is organized in an exam-style format with clinical case scenarios, rationales, and application-based questions to strengthen critical thinking and prepare students for final examinations and NCLEX-style nursing assessments. It serves as a complete review resource for nursing students seeking comprehensive exam preparation.

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NURS 231 FINAL EXAM 2026 SPRING
SESSION PREMIUM WITH ANSWERS
Question 1
pts
GRADED A+
Multiple Choice:
You are seeing a patient in your clinic who recently suffered a TIA.
Recent diagnostic tests revealed that he has atrial fibrillation. You
decide to put him on a blood thinner to prevent a future neurologic
event. This would be an example of:


Primary prevention



Secondary

prevention

Correct Answer

Tertiary prevention


Question 2
pts
True or False: Peristaltic movements occur in two directions.

True



False

Peristaltic movements occur in one direction.

Question 3
Not yet graded / 4 pts
You are reading results from a recent blood panel for Susan, a 48-
year-old
female. Her hemoglobin levels are 7 g/dL. Would this be considered a
normal or abnormal value?
Your

,Answer:
Normal

, Abnormal. Normal Hemoglobin levels for a female is 12-
15 g/dL.

Question 4
pts
Multiple Choice:


Which of the following is synthesized in the kidney and regulates the
differentiation of red blood cells within bone marrow?


25-hydroxycholecalciferol



Erythropoietin


cholecalciferol


Question 5
Not yet graded / 4 pts


True or False. If false, explain why the statement is false.
A malignant neoplasm resembles the cells of the tissues of origin
and possesses a slow rate of growth.
Your Answer:
False. Malignant neoplasm resemblance will differ from tissues of
origin
False. A benign neoplasm resembles the cells of the
tissues of origin and possesses a slow rate of growth.
OR
A malignant neoplasm invades and destroys tissue and
possesses a rapid rate of growth.


Question 6
Not yet graded / 4 pts
You are talking to your patient who has been recently diagnosed with
Osteoporosis. You have suggested that they start taking Calcium and
Vitamin

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