NSG 5140 Midterm Exam Review Adv
Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ | 2026
Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-
standing hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular
adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement. The left ventricle enlarges in response to increased
workload (hypertension) because cardiac muscle cells cannot divide
(hyperplasia).
,Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from
ciliated columnar to stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar
epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
as a protective adaptation to chronic irritation.
Question 3
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance and
is most commonly associated with tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of
tuberculosis. It represents a combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis with a granulomatous inflammatory response.
,Question 4
Gangrenous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A) Brain injury
B) Liver injury
C) Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
D) Lung infection
Answer: C
Rationale: Gangrenous necrosis occurs in the lower extremities due to
ischemia (dry gangrene) or with superimposed bacterial infection (wet
gangrene). Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria.
Question 5
Apoptosis is best described as:
A) Uncontrolled cell proliferation
B) Normal cell self-destruction mechanism
C) Cell death due to injury
D) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is a normal, programmed cell death mechanism
that eliminates cells without causing inflammation. It is essential for
development and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
Question 6
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?
A) Left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertension
, B) Skeletal muscle enlargement from weightlifting
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Endometrial hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Physiologic hypertrophy occurs in response to normal
demands, such as skeletal muscle enlargement from exercise.
Pathologic hypertrophy (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy from
hypertension) occurs in disease states.
Question 7
A patient with chronic renal failure develops anemia. This is primarily due
to:
A) Iron deficiency
B) Vitamin B12 deficiency
C) Decreased erythropoietin production
D) Increased red blood cell destruction
Answer: C
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red
blood cell production. In chronic renal failure, decreased erythropoietin
production leads to anemia.
Question 8
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is caused by:
A) Lack of oxygen only
B) Excessive oxygen delivery
Pathophysiology South College NSG
5140 Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers | 100% Pass
Guaranteed | Graded A+ | 2026
Question 1
A client presents with enlargement of the left ventricle due to long-
standing hypertension. This is an example of which type of cellular
adaptation?
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement. The left ventricle enlarges in response to increased
workload (hypertension) because cardiac muscle cells cannot divide
(hyperplasia).
,Question 2
A client who smokes has a change in the bronchial epithelium from
ciliated columnar to stratified squamous. This is an example of:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Answer: D
Rationale: Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one differentiated
cell type with another. In smokers, the normal ciliated columnar
epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium
as a protective adaptation to chronic irritation.
Question 3
Which type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance and
is most commonly associated with tuberculosis?
A) Coagulative necrosis
B) Liquefactive necrosis
C) Caseous necrosis
D) Gangrenous necrosis
Answer: C
Rationale: Caseous necrosis (cheese-like) is characteristic of
tuberculosis. It represents a combination of coagulative and liquefactive
necrosis with a granulomatous inflammatory response.
,Question 4
Gangrenous necrosis is most commonly associated with:
A) Brain injury
B) Liver injury
C) Lower extremities (ischemia with bacterial infection)
D) Lung infection
Answer: C
Rationale: Gangrenous necrosis occurs in the lower extremities due to
ischemia (dry gangrene) or with superimposed bacterial infection (wet
gangrene). Gas gangrene is caused by Clostridium bacteria.
Question 5
Apoptosis is best described as:
A) Uncontrolled cell proliferation
B) Normal cell self-destruction mechanism
C) Cell death due to injury
D) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: B
Rationale: Apoptosis is a normal, programmed cell death mechanism
that eliminates cells without causing inflammation. It is essential for
development and maintaining tissue homeostasis.
Question 6
Which of the following is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?
A) Left ventricular hypertrophy from hypertension
, B) Skeletal muscle enlargement from weightlifting
C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
D) Endometrial hyperplasia
Answer: B
Rationale: Physiologic hypertrophy occurs in response to normal
demands, such as skeletal muscle enlargement from exercise.
Pathologic hypertrophy (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy from
hypertension) occurs in disease states.
Question 7
A patient with chronic renal failure develops anemia. This is primarily due
to:
A) Iron deficiency
B) Vitamin B12 deficiency
C) Decreased erythropoietin production
D) Increased red blood cell destruction
Answer: C
Rationale: The kidneys produce erythropoietin, which stimulates red
blood cell production. In chronic renal failure, decreased erythropoietin
production leads to anemia.
Question 8
Ischemia-reperfusion injury is caused by:
A) Lack of oxygen only
B) Excessive oxygen delivery
