,BIOL251/BIOL 251 final Exam | Human Anatomy & Physiology
I w/ Lab | Portage Learning | Q & A | 2026/2027 (PDF)
**1. Which of the following is the study of the function of the human body?**
A) Anatomy
B) Histology
C) Physiology
D) Cytology
Correct Answer: Physiology
Rationale: Physiology is the study of the function of the human body, while anatomy is the study of its
structure. Histology is the study of tissues, and cytology is the study of cells. The principle of
complementarity states that structure determines function, linking these two branches of science.
**2. What is the correct order of the levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest
to most complex?**
A) Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
B) Cellular → Chemical → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
C) Chemical → Tissue → Cellular → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
D) Tissue → Cellular → Chemical → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
Correct Answer: Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
Rationale: The levels of structural organization, from simplest to most complex, are: Chemical → Cellular
→ Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal. Atoms combine to form molecules, which combine
to form cells. Cells combine to form tissues, which combine to form organs. Organs work together to
form organ systems, which combine to make up an organism.
**3. Which anatomical orientation term indicates "toward the front of the body"?**
A) Superior
,B) Inferior
C) Ventral
D) Dorsal
Correct Answer: Ventral
Rationale: Ventral (anterior) means toward the front of the body. Dorsal (posterior) means toward the
back. Superior means toward the head, and inferior means toward the lower part of a structure.
**4. Which anatomical action term describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body?**
A) Adduction
B) Abduction
C) Flexion
D) Extension
Correct Answer: Abduction
Rationale: Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction is movement toward
the midline. Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, and extension increases the angle.
**5. The body is divided into superior and inferior sections by which type of plane?**
A) Sagittal plane
B) Frontal plane
C) Transverse plane
D) Oblique plane
Correct Answer: Transverse plane
, Rationale: A transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
sections. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections. A frontal plane divides the body
into anterior and posterior sections.
**6. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.**
A) Heart and lungs
B) Stomach and liver
C) Brain and spinal cord
D) Urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Correct Answer: Stomach and liver
Rationale: The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver. The heart and lungs
are in the thoracic cavity. The brain and spinal cord are in the dorsal cavity. The urinary bladder and
reproductive organs are in the pelvic cavity.
**7. Which of the following is NOT true of active transport?**
A) The sodium-potassium pump is an example
B) Additional energy is needed to drive this process
C) Active transport moves particles with the concentration gradient
D) Active transport requires carrier proteins
Correct Answer: Active transport moves particles with the concentration gradient
Rationale: Active transport moves particles against the concentration gradient (from low to high
concentration). It requires energy (ATP) and carrier proteins. The sodium-potassium pump is a classic
example. Passive transport moves particles with the concentration gradient.
**8. In your own words, what organelle within the cell is impacted in Tay-Sachs disease?**
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
I w/ Lab | Portage Learning | Q & A | 2026/2027 (PDF)
**1. Which of the following is the study of the function of the human body?**
A) Anatomy
B) Histology
C) Physiology
D) Cytology
Correct Answer: Physiology
Rationale: Physiology is the study of the function of the human body, while anatomy is the study of its
structure. Histology is the study of tissues, and cytology is the study of cells. The principle of
complementarity states that structure determines function, linking these two branches of science.
**2. What is the correct order of the levels of structural organization in the human body, from simplest
to most complex?**
A) Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
B) Cellular → Chemical → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
C) Chemical → Tissue → Cellular → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
D) Tissue → Cellular → Chemical → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
Correct Answer: Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal
Rationale: The levels of structural organization, from simplest to most complex, are: Chemical → Cellular
→ Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organismal. Atoms combine to form molecules, which combine
to form cells. Cells combine to form tissues, which combine to form organs. Organs work together to
form organ systems, which combine to make up an organism.
**3. Which anatomical orientation term indicates "toward the front of the body"?**
A) Superior
,B) Inferior
C) Ventral
D) Dorsal
Correct Answer: Ventral
Rationale: Ventral (anterior) means toward the front of the body. Dorsal (posterior) means toward the
back. Superior means toward the head, and inferior means toward the lower part of a structure.
**4. Which anatomical action term describes moving a limb away from the midline of the body?**
A) Adduction
B) Abduction
C) Flexion
D) Extension
Correct Answer: Abduction
Rationale: Abduction is movement away from the midline of the body. Adduction is movement toward
the midline. Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, and extension increases the angle.
**5. The body is divided into superior and inferior sections by which type of plane?**
A) Sagittal plane
B) Frontal plane
C) Transverse plane
D) Oblique plane
Correct Answer: Transverse plane
, Rationale: A transverse (horizontal) plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower)
sections. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right sections. A frontal plane divides the body
into anterior and posterior sections.
**6. List two organs contained in the abdominal cavity.**
A) Heart and lungs
B) Stomach and liver
C) Brain and spinal cord
D) Urinary bladder and reproductive organs
Correct Answer: Stomach and liver
Rationale: The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver. The heart and lungs
are in the thoracic cavity. The brain and spinal cord are in the dorsal cavity. The urinary bladder and
reproductive organs are in the pelvic cavity.
**7. Which of the following is NOT true of active transport?**
A) The sodium-potassium pump is an example
B) Additional energy is needed to drive this process
C) Active transport moves particles with the concentration gradient
D) Active transport requires carrier proteins
Correct Answer: Active transport moves particles with the concentration gradient
Rationale: Active transport moves particles against the concentration gradient (from low to high
concentration). It requires energy (ATP) and carrier proteins. The sodium-potassium pump is a classic
example. Passive transport moves particles with the concentration gradient.
**8. In your own words, what organelle within the cell is impacted in Tay-Sachs disease?**
A) Mitochondria
B) Ribosomes
