Nu 327 Exam 4 Questions with 100% Correct
Answers
What is the goal of the circulatory system?
transport oxygen and nutrients and the removal of metabolic waste in the body
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
reabsorbs fluid that leaks out of vascular network
Describe the structure of arteries
3 layers
- tunica intima: endothelial cells, direct contact w the blood and smooth
- tunica media: muscular tissue that constricts and dilates when needed
- tunica adventitia: connective tissue
What effect does the composition of the blood have on the endothelium?
- high cholesterol causes injury to the endothelial wall and fat deposits on artery walls
- glucose damages walls
- vasoconstriction
- nicotine
Hyperlipidemia
elevated levels of lipids in the blood stream
Etiology Hyperlipidemia
- elevated levels of lipids
- leads to atherosclerosis
- 20% of adults older than 20
,What are the effects of smoking on the body?
- increased thrombus formation
- nicotine elevates levels of LDL and decreases levels of HDL
- vasospasms
- increased platelet aggregation
- release of endogenous catecholamines
coronary heart disease
Saturated Fats
solid forms of animal fats (meat, eggs, butter, cheese)
Unsaturated Fats
liquid forms of fat (any kinda oil)
S&S Of Hyperlipidemia
- some are asymptomatic until there is a problem
- xanthoma and xanthelasma
- yellow ring around cornea (arcus senilis)
- metabolic syndrome (obesity, HTN, glucose intolerance)
How is hyperlipidemia diagnosed?
- Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL
- LDL: less than 100
- HDL: above 60 less than 40 is at risk for heart disease
- triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL
How is hyperlipidemia treated?
,- life style changes
- drugs for reducing triglycerides and cholesterol
- angioplasty
- CABG
stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood leaving the heart w each contraction
peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
resistance to ejection radius of arteries affect it
What is cardiac output and what is normal?
heart rate: 60-100 bpm
CO= SV x HR
What is the formula for BP?
BP = CO x PVR
MAP (mean arterial pressure)
SBP + 2(DBP)/3 Normal is 70-110
Arterial control
increases cardiac output (CO)
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system RAAS
- made by kidneys
- secrete renin when BP is decreased
- results in increase in BP
, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increases BP
fluid volume
- increases PVR to increase BP
- increases ECF to increase CO which then increases PVR which increases BP
What does systolic mean related to BP?
top number and the contraction of the heart
What does diastolic mean related to BP?
bottom number and the relaxation of the heart
Causes of orthostatic hypotension
▫Reduced blood volume
▫Vasovagal response
▫Drug induced
▫Aging
▫Prolonged bed rest
▫Autonomic nervous system disorders
S/S of orthostatic hypotension
- dizziness
- blurred vision
- fainting
- injury from falls
Treatment for orthostatic hypotension
Answers
What is the goal of the circulatory system?
transport oxygen and nutrients and the removal of metabolic waste in the body
What is the role of the lymphatic system?
reabsorbs fluid that leaks out of vascular network
Describe the structure of arteries
3 layers
- tunica intima: endothelial cells, direct contact w the blood and smooth
- tunica media: muscular tissue that constricts and dilates when needed
- tunica adventitia: connective tissue
What effect does the composition of the blood have on the endothelium?
- high cholesterol causes injury to the endothelial wall and fat deposits on artery walls
- glucose damages walls
- vasoconstriction
- nicotine
Hyperlipidemia
elevated levels of lipids in the blood stream
Etiology Hyperlipidemia
- elevated levels of lipids
- leads to atherosclerosis
- 20% of adults older than 20
,What are the effects of smoking on the body?
- increased thrombus formation
- nicotine elevates levels of LDL and decreases levels of HDL
- vasospasms
- increased platelet aggregation
- release of endogenous catecholamines
coronary heart disease
Saturated Fats
solid forms of animal fats (meat, eggs, butter, cheese)
Unsaturated Fats
liquid forms of fat (any kinda oil)
S&S Of Hyperlipidemia
- some are asymptomatic until there is a problem
- xanthoma and xanthelasma
- yellow ring around cornea (arcus senilis)
- metabolic syndrome (obesity, HTN, glucose intolerance)
How is hyperlipidemia diagnosed?
- Total cholesterol: less than 200 mg/dL
- LDL: less than 100
- HDL: above 60 less than 40 is at risk for heart disease
- triglycerides: less than 150 mg/dL
How is hyperlipidemia treated?
,- life style changes
- drugs for reducing triglycerides and cholesterol
- angioplasty
- CABG
stroke volume (SV)
volume of blood leaving the heart w each contraction
peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
resistance to ejection radius of arteries affect it
What is cardiac output and what is normal?
heart rate: 60-100 bpm
CO= SV x HR
What is the formula for BP?
BP = CO x PVR
MAP (mean arterial pressure)
SBP + 2(DBP)/3 Normal is 70-110
Arterial control
increases cardiac output (CO)
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system RAAS
- made by kidneys
- secrete renin when BP is decreased
- results in increase in BP
, antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
increases BP
fluid volume
- increases PVR to increase BP
- increases ECF to increase CO which then increases PVR which increases BP
What does systolic mean related to BP?
top number and the contraction of the heart
What does diastolic mean related to BP?
bottom number and the relaxation of the heart
Causes of orthostatic hypotension
▫Reduced blood volume
▫Vasovagal response
▫Drug induced
▫Aging
▫Prolonged bed rest
▫Autonomic nervous system disorders
S/S of orthostatic hypotension
- dizziness
- blurred vision
- fainting
- injury from falls
Treatment for orthostatic hypotension
