GMS 6440 LATEST 2026/2027 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔medulla oblongata - ✔✔senses and controls autonomic functions like breathing,
digestion, BP. Communicates with spinal cord and other brain areas. Receives sensory
information for balance, movement, BP.
✔✔Pons - ✔✔movement, urination, respiration, BP. Exchanges information between
cerebellum and cerebrum.
✔✔Cerebellum - ✔✔coordination of movement for posture and balance
✔✔Midbrain - ✔✔Sensory and motor functions like eye movement and coordination of
visual and auditory reflexes.
✔✔Brainstem - ✔✔medulla, pons, and midbrain. Regulates breathing, BP, movement,
digestion, elimination, and arousal.
✔✔Diencephalon - ✔✔Thalamus (processing info to cortex from rest of CNS) and
hypothalamus (regulates autonomic, endocrine, and visceral function).
✔✔Basal ganglia - ✔✔Movement, posture, and complex behavior
✔✔Cerebral Cortex - ✔✔Skilled movements, reasoning, learning, memory
✔✔In the CNS what are groups of neuronal cell bodies and groups of axons called? -
✔✔Nuclei and tracts.
✔✔In the PNS, what are groups of neuronal cell bodies and groups of axons called? -
✔✔Ganglia and nerves.
✔✔What are afferent neurons? - ✔✔neurons that carry sensory information about the
external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord
✔✔What are efferent neurons? - ✔✔Motor neurons which carry information away from
the CNS (innervate effectors)
✔✔What is the somatic nervous system? - ✔✔the division of the peripheral nervous
system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
✔✔autonomic nervous system - ✔✔Controls visceral (involuntary) functions. Maintains
homeostasis. Sensory and motor functions. Divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic,
and enteric systems.
, ✔✔sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔Fight or flight. Activity increases in response to
stressful stimuli. Readies the body for physical activity.
✔✔Parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔Rest and digest. Coordinates processes
needed for basic survival. Fine control over individual organ systems.
✔✔enteric nervous system - ✔✔regulates primary and accessory digestive organs.
"brain of the gut". Influenced by S and PS systems but input from them is not necessary
✔✔Efferents of ANS - ✔✔pre-ganglionic neurons have cell bodies in CNS and post-
ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia. These then project to visceral effectors in
PNS.
✔✔Efferents of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems - ✔✔Sympathetic - pre-
ganglionic cell bodies are short and found in thoracic and lumbar spine while post-
ganglionic are long and found near the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic - pre-ganglionic are long and found in brain or sacral spine while post-
ganglionic are short and found near target tissue.
✔✔What is the PS system's role in lowering BP? - ✔✔Nothing, mostly due to S
withdrawal.
✔✔NT and receptors of the ANS - ✔✔Both branches use acetylcholine acting on
nicotinic receptors in the ganglia.
PS neurons release Ach which act on muscarinic receptors in the target organ.
S neurons release NE which acts on adrenergic receptors.
Adrenal medulla releases NE and E directly into the blood.
✔✔Adrenergic receptors - ✔✔Alpha 1 responsible for contractile effect of Epi/NE in
blood vessels, urogenital tract, and sphincters
Beta 1 is responsible for stimulatory effects of Epi/NE in the heart to increase HR
Beta 2 responsible for relaxing effects in the GI tract, urogenital system, and vessels.
✔✔Detrusor muscle, internal and external sphincter of bladder. Do they contract or
relax to empty? - ✔✔Detrusor contracts, internal sphincter relaxes, and external
sphincter relaxes.
✔✔Para/sympathetic and somatic stimulation in urinary control - ✔✔PS stimulation
causes contraction of the bladder wall and relaxation of internal sphincter. S stimulation
promotes relaxation of bladder and contraction of internal sphincter. Somatic stimulation
causes contraction of external sphincter.
✔✔transgenic mouse - ✔✔A genetically engineered mouse that has had a new gene
inserted into its genome (inject male pronucleus shortly after fertilization)
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔medulla oblongata - ✔✔senses and controls autonomic functions like breathing,
digestion, BP. Communicates with spinal cord and other brain areas. Receives sensory
information for balance, movement, BP.
✔✔Pons - ✔✔movement, urination, respiration, BP. Exchanges information between
cerebellum and cerebrum.
✔✔Cerebellum - ✔✔coordination of movement for posture and balance
✔✔Midbrain - ✔✔Sensory and motor functions like eye movement and coordination of
visual and auditory reflexes.
✔✔Brainstem - ✔✔medulla, pons, and midbrain. Regulates breathing, BP, movement,
digestion, elimination, and arousal.
✔✔Diencephalon - ✔✔Thalamus (processing info to cortex from rest of CNS) and
hypothalamus (regulates autonomic, endocrine, and visceral function).
✔✔Basal ganglia - ✔✔Movement, posture, and complex behavior
✔✔Cerebral Cortex - ✔✔Skilled movements, reasoning, learning, memory
✔✔In the CNS what are groups of neuronal cell bodies and groups of axons called? -
✔✔Nuclei and tracts.
✔✔In the PNS, what are groups of neuronal cell bodies and groups of axons called? -
✔✔Ganglia and nerves.
✔✔What are afferent neurons? - ✔✔neurons that carry sensory information about the
external or internal environment to the brain or spinal cord
✔✔What are efferent neurons? - ✔✔Motor neurons which carry information away from
the CNS (innervate effectors)
✔✔What is the somatic nervous system? - ✔✔the division of the peripheral nervous
system that controls the body's skeletal muscles
✔✔autonomic nervous system - ✔✔Controls visceral (involuntary) functions. Maintains
homeostasis. Sensory and motor functions. Divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic,
and enteric systems.
, ✔✔sympathetic nervous system - ✔✔Fight or flight. Activity increases in response to
stressful stimuli. Readies the body for physical activity.
✔✔Parasympathetic nervous system - ✔✔Rest and digest. Coordinates processes
needed for basic survival. Fine control over individual organ systems.
✔✔enteric nervous system - ✔✔regulates primary and accessory digestive organs.
"brain of the gut". Influenced by S and PS systems but input from them is not necessary
✔✔Efferents of ANS - ✔✔pre-ganglionic neurons have cell bodies in CNS and post-
ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganglia. These then project to visceral effectors in
PNS.
✔✔Efferents of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems - ✔✔Sympathetic - pre-
ganglionic cell bodies are short and found in thoracic and lumbar spine while post-
ganglionic are long and found near the spinal cord.
Parasympathetic - pre-ganglionic are long and found in brain or sacral spine while post-
ganglionic are short and found near target tissue.
✔✔What is the PS system's role in lowering BP? - ✔✔Nothing, mostly due to S
withdrawal.
✔✔NT and receptors of the ANS - ✔✔Both branches use acetylcholine acting on
nicotinic receptors in the ganglia.
PS neurons release Ach which act on muscarinic receptors in the target organ.
S neurons release NE which acts on adrenergic receptors.
Adrenal medulla releases NE and E directly into the blood.
✔✔Adrenergic receptors - ✔✔Alpha 1 responsible for contractile effect of Epi/NE in
blood vessels, urogenital tract, and sphincters
Beta 1 is responsible for stimulatory effects of Epi/NE in the heart to increase HR
Beta 2 responsible for relaxing effects in the GI tract, urogenital system, and vessels.
✔✔Detrusor muscle, internal and external sphincter of bladder. Do they contract or
relax to empty? - ✔✔Detrusor contracts, internal sphincter relaxes, and external
sphincter relaxes.
✔✔Para/sympathetic and somatic stimulation in urinary control - ✔✔PS stimulation
causes contraction of the bladder wall and relaxation of internal sphincter. S stimulation
promotes relaxation of bladder and contraction of internal sphincter. Somatic stimulation
causes contraction of external sphincter.
✔✔transgenic mouse - ✔✔A genetically engineered mouse that has had a new gene
inserted into its genome (inject male pronucleus shortly after fertilization)
