GMS 6440 STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target
cells/tissues. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus)
of target cells. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the
target cell through a channel in the receptor. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma
membrane) of target cells. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid
hormone receptors. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. -
✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Glia are only present in the central nervous system. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is in the medulla oblongata. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: The hypothalamus regulates both autonomic and endocrine function. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous sytem to the
peripheral nervous system. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions. - ✔✔True
,✔✔T/F: Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways. -
✔✔True
✔✔T/F: The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system. -
✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Acetylcholine acts on alpha and beta receptors. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine directly into the
blood stream. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal.
- ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the external sphincter of the
bladder. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Referred pain is caused by convergence of somatic and autonomic information
within the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits urination primarily by
inhibiting the detrusor muscle. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The hypothalamus can directly control preganglionic sympathetic neurons. -
✔✔True
✔✔To generate conventional transgenic mice, DNA will be injected into:
- embryonic stem (ES) cells
- fertilized mouse eggs - ✔✔fertilized mouse eggs
✔✔T/F: To determine success of homologous recombination of targeting vector in ES
cells, Northern blotting will be utilized. - ✔✔False
Southern Blotting
✔✔T/F: Using Cre recombinase, we can control DNA recombination and delete specific
genomic areas flanked by FLP sequences. - ✔✔False
Cre recognizes LoxP sites
✔✔T/F: Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist (homologue), will bind to the mutated
estrogen receptor fused to the Cre-recombinase, and translocate Cre-recombinase into
nucleus. - ✔✔True
,✔✔T/F: Cre-loxP system also can be used to eliminate floxed-stop codon and induce
expression of a transgene. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: We cannot control copy number of inserted DNA as well as insertion site
(position) using the conventional transgenic approach. Insertion of DNA construct into
ROSA26 locus can be a solution to overcome these insertional effects. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a double-stranded break in the DNA is induced by
the enzyme, CRISPR. - ✔✔False
The enzyme is Cas9
✔✔T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, guide RNA directs the enzyme to cut the DNA at
a specific site in the genome. - ✔✔True
✔✔levels of organization in the body - ✔✔molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
✔✔example of a molecule - ✔✔water molecule, glucose molecule
✔✔example of a macromolecule - ✔✔protein molecule, DNA molecule
✔✔example of an organelle - ✔✔mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus
✔✔example of a cell - ✔✔muscle cell, nerve cell
✔✔example of a tissue - ✔✔simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
✔✔example of an organ - ✔✔skin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach
✔✔example of an organ system - ✔✔skeletal system, digestive system
✔✔example of an organism - ✔✔human
✔✔T/F: structure is always related to function - ✔✔true
✔✔Anatomy is the study of - ✔✔structure
✔✔physiology is the study of - ✔✔function
✔✔What are the characteristics of life? - ✔✔respiration, digestion, absorption,
assimilation, circulation, excretion
, ✔✔what is respiration - ✔✔obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide, releasing
energy from foods
✔✔what is digestion - ✔✔breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
✔✔what is absorption - ✔✔passage of substances through membranes and into body
fluids
✔✔what is assimilation - ✔✔changing of absorbed substances into chemically different
forms
✔✔what is circulation - ✔✔movement of substances in body fluids
✔✔what is excretion - ✔✔removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
✔✔what is the foundation of all physiology - ✔✔homeostasis
✔✔what is homeostasis - ✔✔something staying the same, maintaining a stable
environment
✔✔when the body does not function within its normal range, organ system malfunction,
resulting in .... - ✔✔disease
✔✔Skeletal system major organs - ✔✔bones
cartilage
bone marrow
✔✔how many bones are in the body - ✔✔206
✔✔what are the functions of the skeletal system - ✔✔provides support and protection
for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
✔✔movements of the skeletal system require a ____________ of ______________ -
✔✔coordinated pairing of two nearby muscle groups
✔✔in a bending arm the bicep ______ and the tricep ______ - ✔✔bicep contracts and
tricep extends
✔✔in a stretching arm the bicep ______ and the tricep _____ - ✔✔bicep extends and
the tricep contracts
✔✔major organs of the muscular system - ✔✔skeletal muscle and associated tendons
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔T/F: Hormones produce physiological actions by binding to receptors at their target
cells/tissues. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: There are specific receptors for each hormone. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Receptors for peptide hormones are always on the inside (cytoplasm; nucleus)
of target cells. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: GPCR are also known as seven trans-membrane (7TM) receptors. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Gaq proteins couple to adenylyl cyclase. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Activation of ionotropic receptors results in an ion (Ca2+; Na+) moving into the
target cell through a channel in the receptor. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Ionotropic receptors signal via G proteins. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases are one type of Catalytic Receptor. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Receptors for Thyroid Hormone and steroids are always on the surface (plasma
membrane) of target cells. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Dimerization is important for some catalytic receptors, but never for steroid
hormone receptors. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The nervous system is usually divided into 3 anatomical components. -
✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Glia are only present in the central nervous system. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The Nucleus of the Solitary Tract is in the medulla oblongata. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: The hypothalamus regulates both autonomic and endocrine function. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Afferent nerves transmit information from the central nervous sytem to the
peripheral nervous system. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions. - ✔✔True
,✔✔T/F: Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system constricts the airways. -
✔✔True
✔✔T/F: The cell bodies of postganglionic neurons are in the central nervous system. -
✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Acetylcholine acts on alpha and beta receptors. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The adrenal medulla releases norepinephrine and epinephrine directly into the
blood stream. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: Negative feedback in the autonomic nervous system requires an afferent signal.
- ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: The parasympathetic nervous system innervates the external sphincter of the
bladder. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Referred pain is caused by convergence of somatic and autonomic information
within the Nucleus of the Solitary Tract. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: Inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits urination primarily by
inhibiting the detrusor muscle. - ✔✔False
✔✔T/F: The hypothalamus can directly control preganglionic sympathetic neurons. -
✔✔True
✔✔To generate conventional transgenic mice, DNA will be injected into:
- embryonic stem (ES) cells
- fertilized mouse eggs - ✔✔fertilized mouse eggs
✔✔T/F: To determine success of homologous recombination of targeting vector in ES
cells, Northern blotting will be utilized. - ✔✔False
Southern Blotting
✔✔T/F: Using Cre recombinase, we can control DNA recombination and delete specific
genomic areas flanked by FLP sequences. - ✔✔False
Cre recognizes LoxP sites
✔✔T/F: Tamoxifen, an estrogen antagonist (homologue), will bind to the mutated
estrogen receptor fused to the Cre-recombinase, and translocate Cre-recombinase into
nucleus. - ✔✔True
,✔✔T/F: Cre-loxP system also can be used to eliminate floxed-stop codon and induce
expression of a transgene. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: We cannot control copy number of inserted DNA as well as insertion site
(position) using the conventional transgenic approach. Insertion of DNA construct into
ROSA26 locus can be a solution to overcome these insertional effects. - ✔✔True
✔✔T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, a double-stranded break in the DNA is induced by
the enzyme, CRISPR. - ✔✔False
The enzyme is Cas9
✔✔T/F: In the CRISPR/Cas9 system, guide RNA directs the enzyme to cut the DNA at
a specific site in the genome. - ✔✔True
✔✔levels of organization in the body - ✔✔molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell,
tissue, organ, organ system, organism
✔✔example of a molecule - ✔✔water molecule, glucose molecule
✔✔example of a macromolecule - ✔✔protein molecule, DNA molecule
✔✔example of an organelle - ✔✔mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, nucleus
✔✔example of a cell - ✔✔muscle cell, nerve cell
✔✔example of a tissue - ✔✔simple squamous epithelium, loose connective tissue
✔✔example of an organ - ✔✔skin, heart, kidney, brain, stomach
✔✔example of an organ system - ✔✔skeletal system, digestive system
✔✔example of an organism - ✔✔human
✔✔T/F: structure is always related to function - ✔✔true
✔✔Anatomy is the study of - ✔✔structure
✔✔physiology is the study of - ✔✔function
✔✔What are the characteristics of life? - ✔✔respiration, digestion, absorption,
assimilation, circulation, excretion
, ✔✔what is respiration - ✔✔obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide, releasing
energy from foods
✔✔what is digestion - ✔✔breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
✔✔what is absorption - ✔✔passage of substances through membranes and into body
fluids
✔✔what is assimilation - ✔✔changing of absorbed substances into chemically different
forms
✔✔what is circulation - ✔✔movement of substances in body fluids
✔✔what is excretion - ✔✔removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
✔✔what is the foundation of all physiology - ✔✔homeostasis
✔✔what is homeostasis - ✔✔something staying the same, maintaining a stable
environment
✔✔when the body does not function within its normal range, organ system malfunction,
resulting in .... - ✔✔disease
✔✔Skeletal system major organs - ✔✔bones
cartilage
bone marrow
✔✔how many bones are in the body - ✔✔206
✔✔what are the functions of the skeletal system - ✔✔provides support and protection
for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, forms blood cells
✔✔movements of the skeletal system require a ____________ of ______________ -
✔✔coordinated pairing of two nearby muscle groups
✔✔in a bending arm the bicep ______ and the tricep ______ - ✔✔bicep contracts and
tricep extends
✔✔in a stretching arm the bicep ______ and the tricep _____ - ✔✔bicep extends and
the tricep contracts
✔✔major organs of the muscular system - ✔✔skeletal muscle and associated tendons
