ISDS 361A LATEST 2026 TEST PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Selection Bias - ✔✔Because the sample is selected
----> other can't have chance, lack of chance or more chance of being selected
✔✔Non-response Bias - ✔✔Data is unavailable and unattainable for certain elements in
the population
✔✔Measurement Error Bias - ✔✔Lack of accurate measurement of key study variable
✔✔Histogram - ✔✔Graphical summary of data
✔✔Symetric historgram - ✔✔
✔✔Skew left historgram - ✔✔
✔✔Skew right histogram - ✔✔
✔✔Boxplot - ✔✔Summary the QI, Q2 (median), Q3, IQR and outlier
✔✔Symetric Boxplot - ✔✔
✔✔Skew right Boxplot (positive) - ✔✔
✔✔skew left Boxplot (negative) - ✔✔
✔✔Bi-modal graph - ✔✔
✔✔uni-modal - ✔✔
✔✔Multi-modal - ✔✔
✔✔Mean - ✔✔=Average(____) (Find the average of data)
✔✔Median - ✔✔=median(____) (find the middle 1 or 2 numbers in between of data)
✔✔Mode - ✔✔=mode(___) (The data that occurs most often.)
✔✔Q1 - ✔✔- 1st quartile
- =Quartile.EXC(_____,1)
✔✔Q2 - ✔✔- 2nd Quartile (median)
, - =Quartile.EXC (___,2)
✔✔Q3 - ✔✔- 3rd Quartile
- =Quartile.EXC (____,3)
✔✔IQR - ✔✔= Q3-Q1
✔✔Upper limit - ✔✔- the top of the range of possible values that a measurement on a
quantitative variable can have
- =Q3+1.5(IQR)
✔✔Lower Limit - ✔✔- bottom of the range of possible values that a measurement on a
quantitative variable can have
- =Q1- 1.5(IQR)
✔✔Range - ✔✔- max-min
- Upper Limit- lower limit
✔✔Outlier - ✔✔A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set
✔✔Variance - ✔✔= VAR.P (Population)
= VAR.S (sample)
✔✔Standard Deviatipon - ✔✔= STDEV.P (Population)
= STDEV.S (Sample)
✔✔Coefficient of variation - ✔✔= (Standard Deviation/ mean)*100
- Percentage of value sample mean
✔✔z-score - ✔✔= (x-u)/ standard deviation (population)
✔✔Empirical rule - ✔✔Use only when it is the Normal Distribution
- 1 Standard deviation: 68%
- 2 Standard deviation: 95%
- 3 Standard deviation: 99.7%
✔✔Chebyshev's Theorem - ✔✔Applied for bi-modal, skew modal
- = ( 1 - (1/z^2) )*100
✔✔Random Sample - ✔✔a sample that fairly represents a population because each
member has an equal chance of inclusion
✔✔Discrete random sample - ✔✔- Distribution that outcome can be coount
- Give out exact number as result
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Selection Bias - ✔✔Because the sample is selected
----> other can't have chance, lack of chance or more chance of being selected
✔✔Non-response Bias - ✔✔Data is unavailable and unattainable for certain elements in
the population
✔✔Measurement Error Bias - ✔✔Lack of accurate measurement of key study variable
✔✔Histogram - ✔✔Graphical summary of data
✔✔Symetric historgram - ✔✔
✔✔Skew left historgram - ✔✔
✔✔Skew right histogram - ✔✔
✔✔Boxplot - ✔✔Summary the QI, Q2 (median), Q3, IQR and outlier
✔✔Symetric Boxplot - ✔✔
✔✔Skew right Boxplot (positive) - ✔✔
✔✔skew left Boxplot (negative) - ✔✔
✔✔Bi-modal graph - ✔✔
✔✔uni-modal - ✔✔
✔✔Multi-modal - ✔✔
✔✔Mean - ✔✔=Average(____) (Find the average of data)
✔✔Median - ✔✔=median(____) (find the middle 1 or 2 numbers in between of data)
✔✔Mode - ✔✔=mode(___) (The data that occurs most often.)
✔✔Q1 - ✔✔- 1st quartile
- =Quartile.EXC(_____,1)
✔✔Q2 - ✔✔- 2nd Quartile (median)
, - =Quartile.EXC (___,2)
✔✔Q3 - ✔✔- 3rd Quartile
- =Quartile.EXC (____,3)
✔✔IQR - ✔✔= Q3-Q1
✔✔Upper limit - ✔✔- the top of the range of possible values that a measurement on a
quantitative variable can have
- =Q3+1.5(IQR)
✔✔Lower Limit - ✔✔- bottom of the range of possible values that a measurement on a
quantitative variable can have
- =Q1- 1.5(IQR)
✔✔Range - ✔✔- max-min
- Upper Limit- lower limit
✔✔Outlier - ✔✔A value much greater or much less than the others in a data set
✔✔Variance - ✔✔= VAR.P (Population)
= VAR.S (sample)
✔✔Standard Deviatipon - ✔✔= STDEV.P (Population)
= STDEV.S (Sample)
✔✔Coefficient of variation - ✔✔= (Standard Deviation/ mean)*100
- Percentage of value sample mean
✔✔z-score - ✔✔= (x-u)/ standard deviation (population)
✔✔Empirical rule - ✔✔Use only when it is the Normal Distribution
- 1 Standard deviation: 68%
- 2 Standard deviation: 95%
- 3 Standard deviation: 99.7%
✔✔Chebyshev's Theorem - ✔✔Applied for bi-modal, skew modal
- = ( 1 - (1/z^2) )*100
✔✔Random Sample - ✔✔a sample that fairly represents a population because each
member has an equal chance of inclusion
✔✔Discrete random sample - ✔✔- Distribution that outcome can be coount
- Give out exact number as result
