CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY - CHAPTER
1 & 2 CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY
QUESTUINS WITH CORRECT
SOLUIONS.
Cultural Psychology - ANS >> A subdiscipline within psychology that examines the
cultural foundations of psychological processes and human behavior. It includes
theoretical and methodological frameworks that posit an important role for culture and
its influence on mental processes behavior, and vice versa.
WEIRDOS - ANS >> Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic cultures -
not representative of the entire population.
cross-cultural research - ANS >> A research methodology that tests the cultural
parameters of psychological knowledge. Traditionally, it involves research on human
behavior that compares psychological processes between two or more cultures. In this
book, we also incorporate knowledge contrasting human cultures versus nonhuman
animal cultures. This approach is primarily concerned with testing the possible
limitations of knowledge gleaned from one culture by studying people of different
cultures.
Universal psychological t - ANS >>
Universal - ANS >> A psychological process that is found to be true or applicable for all
people of all cultures.
Culture-specific - ANS >> A psychological process that is considered to be true for
some people of some cultures but not for others.
Culture - ANS >> A unique meaning and information system shared by a group and
transmitted accross generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival,
pursue happiness, and wellbeing and derive learning from life.
Group life (origins of culture) - ANS >> Humans are social animals. Living in groups
allows for division of labour, efficiency. Achieve more together than alone, increasing
chance of survival. Downside is social conflict because people are different. This can
cause inefficiency, unorganization and decreased probability of survival.
Environment (origins of culture) - ANS >> Influences ways of living- dress, walking,
architecture Climate (warm easier than freezing),
, Deviation from temperate climate (origins of culture - environment) - ANS >> More
important to culture than absolute temperature. The degree to which the average
temperature of a given region will differ from what is considered to be the relatively
"easiest" temperature to live in, which is 22°C (about 72°F). Humans need to regulate
body temp and its easier in temperature climates.
population density - ANS >> The number of people living within a given unit of space. In
a place like a city in which a large number of people live in a relatively small space. The
density is higher than in a small country town. Ratio of people to arable land is what's
important. Also density means access to other cultures.
Arable land - ANS >> The type of land that can sustain life by food production of some
sort.
Resources (origins of culture) - ANS >> Natural (water, food), unnatural (money).
Absence of resources may encourage a culture of sharing, cooperation, community and
trade. If abundant these attitudes and attributes would be less important in culture.
Affluence has a major impact on culture. Money helps buffer the impact of lacking
resources or harsh environments (paying for air-con in heat or cutting scarce food)
The evolved human mind (origin of culture) - ANS >> People have a psychological
toolkit to give them the tools to adapt and survive.
universal psychological toolkit - ANS >> A set of basic psychological skills and abilities
that people can use to meet their basic needs and social motives. These include
complex cognitive skills (langauge, memory, problem solving, planning), language,
emotions (basic, self conscious, moral), and personality traits (big 5).
needs and motives - ANS >> Needs relate to survival- eat, drink, sleep, reproduce.
Social motives - to achieve and to affiliate.
shared intentionality (part of the psychological toolkit) - ANS >> knowledge about
motivations concerning behaviors that are common among people in a group. One of
the major functions of language is that it us to communicate shared intentionality.
Create shared intentions by reading emotions, facial expressions, langauge. Cognitive
ability to share our intentions with others.
ratchet effect (part of the psychological toolkit) - ANS >> The concept that humans
continually improve on improvements, that they do not go backward or revert to a
previous state. Progress occurs because improvements move themselves upward,
much like a ratchet. Does not occur in other animals.
cumulative culture - ANS >> When culture allows learning of things from previous
generation that we cannot learn alone. Ratcheting up (unique to humans). Enables
human culture to differ from animal culture in complexity, differentiation and
1 & 2 CULTURE AND PSYCHOLOGY
QUESTUINS WITH CORRECT
SOLUIONS.
Cultural Psychology - ANS >> A subdiscipline within psychology that examines the
cultural foundations of psychological processes and human behavior. It includes
theoretical and methodological frameworks that posit an important role for culture and
its influence on mental processes behavior, and vice versa.
WEIRDOS - ANS >> Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic cultures -
not representative of the entire population.
cross-cultural research - ANS >> A research methodology that tests the cultural
parameters of psychological knowledge. Traditionally, it involves research on human
behavior that compares psychological processes between two or more cultures. In this
book, we also incorporate knowledge contrasting human cultures versus nonhuman
animal cultures. This approach is primarily concerned with testing the possible
limitations of knowledge gleaned from one culture by studying people of different
cultures.
Universal psychological t - ANS >>
Universal - ANS >> A psychological process that is found to be true or applicable for all
people of all cultures.
Culture-specific - ANS >> A psychological process that is considered to be true for
some people of some cultures but not for others.
Culture - ANS >> A unique meaning and information system shared by a group and
transmitted accross generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival,
pursue happiness, and wellbeing and derive learning from life.
Group life (origins of culture) - ANS >> Humans are social animals. Living in groups
allows for division of labour, efficiency. Achieve more together than alone, increasing
chance of survival. Downside is social conflict because people are different. This can
cause inefficiency, unorganization and decreased probability of survival.
Environment (origins of culture) - ANS >> Influences ways of living- dress, walking,
architecture Climate (warm easier than freezing),
, Deviation from temperate climate (origins of culture - environment) - ANS >> More
important to culture than absolute temperature. The degree to which the average
temperature of a given region will differ from what is considered to be the relatively
"easiest" temperature to live in, which is 22°C (about 72°F). Humans need to regulate
body temp and its easier in temperature climates.
population density - ANS >> The number of people living within a given unit of space. In
a place like a city in which a large number of people live in a relatively small space. The
density is higher than in a small country town. Ratio of people to arable land is what's
important. Also density means access to other cultures.
Arable land - ANS >> The type of land that can sustain life by food production of some
sort.
Resources (origins of culture) - ANS >> Natural (water, food), unnatural (money).
Absence of resources may encourage a culture of sharing, cooperation, community and
trade. If abundant these attitudes and attributes would be less important in culture.
Affluence has a major impact on culture. Money helps buffer the impact of lacking
resources or harsh environments (paying for air-con in heat or cutting scarce food)
The evolved human mind (origin of culture) - ANS >> People have a psychological
toolkit to give them the tools to adapt and survive.
universal psychological toolkit - ANS >> A set of basic psychological skills and abilities
that people can use to meet their basic needs and social motives. These include
complex cognitive skills (langauge, memory, problem solving, planning), language,
emotions (basic, self conscious, moral), and personality traits (big 5).
needs and motives - ANS >> Needs relate to survival- eat, drink, sleep, reproduce.
Social motives - to achieve and to affiliate.
shared intentionality (part of the psychological toolkit) - ANS >> knowledge about
motivations concerning behaviors that are common among people in a group. One of
the major functions of language is that it us to communicate shared intentionality.
Create shared intentions by reading emotions, facial expressions, langauge. Cognitive
ability to share our intentions with others.
ratchet effect (part of the psychological toolkit) - ANS >> The concept that humans
continually improve on improvements, that they do not go backward or revert to a
previous state. Progress occurs because improvements move themselves upward,
much like a ratchet. Does not occur in other animals.
cumulative culture - ANS >> When culture allows learning of things from previous
generation that we cannot learn alone. Ratcheting up (unique to humans). Enables
human culture to differ from animal culture in complexity, differentiation and
