Hemodynamic monitoring Exam question
and correct answers (verified answers 100%)
Q&A 2026/2027 INSTANT DOWNLOAD PDF
1. What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) primarily reflect?
A. Left ventricular preload
B. Right ventricular preload
C. Systemic vascular resistance
D. Cardiac output
Correct Answer: B. Right ventricular preload
Rationale: CVP reflects pressure in the right atrium and is used as an estimate of
right ventricular preload.
2. A normal CVP range is typically:
A. 0–2 mmHg
B. 2–6 mmHg
C. 8–12 mmHg
D. 15–20 mmHg
Correct Answer: B. 2–6 mmHg
Rationale: Normal CVP generally ranges from 2 to 6 mmHg, indicating adequate
right-sided filling pressures.
3. Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP) primarily reflects:
A. Right atrial pressure
B. Left ventricular preload
,C. Pulmonary artery pressure
D. Systemic vascular resistance
Correct Answer: B. Left ventricular preload
Rationale: PAWP estimates left atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic
pressure.
4. The normal PAWP range is:
A. 0–4 mmHg
B. 2–6 mmHg
C. 6–12 mmHg
D. 18–24 mmHg
Correct Answer: C. 6–12 mmHg
Rationale: PAWP between 6 and 12 mmHg generally indicates normal left
ventricular filling.
5. An elevated CVP may indicate:
A. Hypovolemia
B. Right-sided heart failure
C. Dehydration
D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: B. Right-sided heart failure
Rationale: Right ventricular dysfunction can cause blood to back up into the
venous system, increasing CVP.
6. A low CVP most commonly suggests:
,A. Fluid overload
B. Cardiac tamponade
C. Hypovolemia
D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: C. Hypovolemia
Rationale: Reduced circulating volume decreases venous return and lowers CVP.
7. The transducer for invasive pressure monitoring should be leveled at:
A. Xiphoid process
B. Apex of the heart
C. Phlebostatic axis
D. Umbilicus
Correct Answer: C. Phlebostatic axis
Rationale: The phlebostatic axis approximates the level of the right atrium for
accurate measurements.
8. The phlebostatic axis is located at the:
A. Fourth intercostal space, mid-axillary line
B. Fifth intercostal space, sternum
C. Second intercostal space, clavicle
D. Xiphoid process
Correct Answer: A. Fourth intercostal space, mid-axillary line
Rationale: This anatomical landmark corresponds to the level of the right atrium.
9. When should a hemodynamic transducer be zeroed?
, A. Once per week
B. Only during insertion
C. After position changes and setup
D. Never
Correct Answer: C. After position changes and setup
Rationale: Re-zeroing ensures accurate pressure measurements whenever system
alignment changes.
10. PAWP is obtained by:
A. Inflating the balloon in a pulmonary artery catheter
B. Flushing the CVP line
C. Measuring arterial pressure
D. Sampling mixed venous blood
Correct Answer: A. Inflating the balloon in a pulmonary artery catheter
Rationale: Balloon inflation temporarily occludes a pulmonary artery branch,
allowing wedge pressure measurement.
11. A PAWP of 22 mmHg most likely indicates:
A. Hypovolemia
B. Normal preload
C. Left ventricular failure
D. Dehydration
Correct Answer: C. Left ventricular failure
Rationale: Elevated PAWP suggests increased left-sided filling pressures commonly
seen in heart failure.
12. Which condition may cause both CVP and PAWP to rise?
and correct answers (verified answers 100%)
Q&A 2026/2027 INSTANT DOWNLOAD PDF
1. What does Central Venous Pressure (CVP) primarily reflect?
A. Left ventricular preload
B. Right ventricular preload
C. Systemic vascular resistance
D. Cardiac output
Correct Answer: B. Right ventricular preload
Rationale: CVP reflects pressure in the right atrium and is used as an estimate of
right ventricular preload.
2. A normal CVP range is typically:
A. 0–2 mmHg
B. 2–6 mmHg
C. 8–12 mmHg
D. 15–20 mmHg
Correct Answer: B. 2–6 mmHg
Rationale: Normal CVP generally ranges from 2 to 6 mmHg, indicating adequate
right-sided filling pressures.
3. Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure (PAWP) primarily reflects:
A. Right atrial pressure
B. Left ventricular preload
,C. Pulmonary artery pressure
D. Systemic vascular resistance
Correct Answer: B. Left ventricular preload
Rationale: PAWP estimates left atrial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic
pressure.
4. The normal PAWP range is:
A. 0–4 mmHg
B. 2–6 mmHg
C. 6–12 mmHg
D. 18–24 mmHg
Correct Answer: C. 6–12 mmHg
Rationale: PAWP between 6 and 12 mmHg generally indicates normal left
ventricular filling.
5. An elevated CVP may indicate:
A. Hypovolemia
B. Right-sided heart failure
C. Dehydration
D. Hemorrhage
Correct Answer: B. Right-sided heart failure
Rationale: Right ventricular dysfunction can cause blood to back up into the
venous system, increasing CVP.
6. A low CVP most commonly suggests:
,A. Fluid overload
B. Cardiac tamponade
C. Hypovolemia
D. Pulmonary hypertension
Correct Answer: C. Hypovolemia
Rationale: Reduced circulating volume decreases venous return and lowers CVP.
7. The transducer for invasive pressure monitoring should be leveled at:
A. Xiphoid process
B. Apex of the heart
C. Phlebostatic axis
D. Umbilicus
Correct Answer: C. Phlebostatic axis
Rationale: The phlebostatic axis approximates the level of the right atrium for
accurate measurements.
8. The phlebostatic axis is located at the:
A. Fourth intercostal space, mid-axillary line
B. Fifth intercostal space, sternum
C. Second intercostal space, clavicle
D. Xiphoid process
Correct Answer: A. Fourth intercostal space, mid-axillary line
Rationale: This anatomical landmark corresponds to the level of the right atrium.
9. When should a hemodynamic transducer be zeroed?
, A. Once per week
B. Only during insertion
C. After position changes and setup
D. Never
Correct Answer: C. After position changes and setup
Rationale: Re-zeroing ensures accurate pressure measurements whenever system
alignment changes.
10. PAWP is obtained by:
A. Inflating the balloon in a pulmonary artery catheter
B. Flushing the CVP line
C. Measuring arterial pressure
D. Sampling mixed venous blood
Correct Answer: A. Inflating the balloon in a pulmonary artery catheter
Rationale: Balloon inflation temporarily occludes a pulmonary artery branch,
allowing wedge pressure measurement.
11. A PAWP of 22 mmHg most likely indicates:
A. Hypovolemia
B. Normal preload
C. Left ventricular failure
D. Dehydration
Correct Answer: C. Left ventricular failure
Rationale: Elevated PAWP suggests increased left-sided filling pressures commonly
seen in heart failure.
12. Which condition may cause both CVP and PAWP to rise?
