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Exam 2 Peds:Growth & Dev of Toddlers pg. 992
Both physical growth and acquisition of new motor skills slow somewhat during toddler
yrs Height and weight continue t o ↑ steadily but slower than infancy growth happens in
spurts rather than linearly step-like growth
Averages weight at 2 y/o is 26lbs and height is 34 inches
Dentition primary teeth in place (start to get teeth at 6 months) teach them to brush their
teeth and maybe floss, you’ll have to help them pg. 1010 read more
Avg toddler weight gain 1.36 to 2.27kg (3 to 5lbs)/year length/height↑ an avg of 7.62
cm (3 inches)/year head circumference↑ about 2.54 cm (1 in) and then↑anavg of of
1.27 cm (0.5 in)/year until 5 y/o head size becomes more proportional to rest of body
near 3 y/o
Toddlers generally reach half their adult height by 2 y/o
Major Toddler Tasks
Differentiation of self from significant
others Tolerates separation from parent
Ability to withstand delayed
gratification Control over bodily
functions
Acquisition of socially acceptable
behavior Verbal means of communication
Ability to interact w/others in a less egocentric
manner Speak 100-200 words
Physiological Systems
Myelination of the brain and spinal cord is usually complete around 24 months improved
coordination and ability to exercise sphincter control for bladder and bowel mastery
H R ↓ and B P ↑ in toddlerhood
Urine output should be 1 mL/kg/hr urethra still remains short making them for
susceptible to UTIs than adults (male and female)
↑ ability to maintain body temp body is becoming more proportional
they start to produce antibodies against infections
Psychosocial Development pg. 994
Erickson defines the toddler period as a time of autonomy versus shame and doubt it’s a
time of exerting independence
The toddler is struggling for self-mastery and to do for themselves what others have been
doing for them
They may quickly chg from happy and pleasant to crying and screaming
Exertion of independence results in toddler’s fav response“no” will answer“no”even if
they mean“yes”
Separation anxiety in a place can cope w/brief separation leave something important to
you w/the child “watch my sweater, don’t let anyone take it and I’ll be back”
Coping mechanisms
o Regression returns to prev behavior
,2
, 3
o Ritualism maintains sameness will watch the same show over and over. Will cry
until you play the same one. It’s important to do things on a schedule, dinner time,
bed time, do things at the same time everyday
Motor Skill Development pg. 995
Walking progresses to running, climbing, and jumping
Pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball, and pedaling a tricycle are accomplished in
toddlerhood
Fine motor progress from holding and pinching to the ability to manage utensils dev
of hand-eye coordination
As toddler’s master a new task, they have the confidence to conquer the next one ↑self-
esteem
The toddler who is eager to face challenges will dev more quickly than a reluctant
one Gross motor walks well, climbs stairs
Fine motor ↑ coordination, grasp and release
Gross Motor Skills
Large muscle groups are starting to strengthen
“toddler gait” doesn’t walk smoothly legs are planted wide apart, toes are pointed
forward, and toddler sways from side to side after 6 months, gait is smoother by 3 y/o
toddler walks in heel-to-toe fashion
toddler may fall often but will try to catch themselves parachute reflex
since they are just learning thoughts and feeling verbally, they will use physical actions to
express themselves running, jumping, hitting
Age Expected Gross Motor Skill Expected Fine Motor Skill
12-15 months Walks independently Feeds self finger foods
Uses index finger to point
18 months Climbs stairs w/assistance Masters reaching, grasping and releasing:
Pulls toys while walking stacks blocks, puts things in slots
Turns book pages
Removes shoes and socks (single if board
book, multiple if paper)
Stacks four cubes
24 months Runs Build tower of 6-7 cubes
Kicks Right or left handed
ball Imitates circular and vertical strokes
Can stand on tiptoe Scribbles and paints
Carries several toys, or a Starting to turn knobs
large toy while walking Puts round pegs into holes
Climbs onto and down from
36 months furniture w/o assistance
Climbswall Undresses self
Pedals tricycle Copies circle
Runs easily Builds tower of 9-10 cubes
Walks up and down stairs Holds pencil in writing position
w/alternate feet Screws/unscrews lids, nuts, bolts
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Exam 2 Peds:Growth & Dev of Toddlers pg. 992
Both physical growth and acquisition of new motor skills slow somewhat during toddler
yrs Height and weight continue t o ↑ steadily but slower than infancy growth happens in
spurts rather than linearly step-like growth
Averages weight at 2 y/o is 26lbs and height is 34 inches
Dentition primary teeth in place (start to get teeth at 6 months) teach them to brush their
teeth and maybe floss, you’ll have to help them pg. 1010 read more
Avg toddler weight gain 1.36 to 2.27kg (3 to 5lbs)/year length/height↑ an avg of 7.62
cm (3 inches)/year head circumference↑ about 2.54 cm (1 in) and then↑anavg of of
1.27 cm (0.5 in)/year until 5 y/o head size becomes more proportional to rest of body
near 3 y/o
Toddlers generally reach half their adult height by 2 y/o
Major Toddler Tasks
Differentiation of self from significant
others Tolerates separation from parent
Ability to withstand delayed
gratification Control over bodily
functions
Acquisition of socially acceptable
behavior Verbal means of communication
Ability to interact w/others in a less egocentric
manner Speak 100-200 words
Physiological Systems
Myelination of the brain and spinal cord is usually complete around 24 months improved
coordination and ability to exercise sphincter control for bladder and bowel mastery
H R ↓ and B P ↑ in toddlerhood
Urine output should be 1 mL/kg/hr urethra still remains short making them for
susceptible to UTIs than adults (male and female)
↑ ability to maintain body temp body is becoming more proportional
they start to produce antibodies against infections
Psychosocial Development pg. 994
Erickson defines the toddler period as a time of autonomy versus shame and doubt it’s a
time of exerting independence
The toddler is struggling for self-mastery and to do for themselves what others have been
doing for them
They may quickly chg from happy and pleasant to crying and screaming
Exertion of independence results in toddler’s fav response“no” will answer“no”even if
they mean“yes”
Separation anxiety in a place can cope w/brief separation leave something important to
you w/the child “watch my sweater, don’t let anyone take it and I’ll be back”
Coping mechanisms
o Regression returns to prev behavior
,2
, 3
o Ritualism maintains sameness will watch the same show over and over. Will cry
until you play the same one. It’s important to do things on a schedule, dinner time,
bed time, do things at the same time everyday
Motor Skill Development pg. 995
Walking progresses to running, climbing, and jumping
Pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball, and pedaling a tricycle are accomplished in
toddlerhood
Fine motor progress from holding and pinching to the ability to manage utensils dev
of hand-eye coordination
As toddler’s master a new task, they have the confidence to conquer the next one ↑self-
esteem
The toddler who is eager to face challenges will dev more quickly than a reluctant
one Gross motor walks well, climbs stairs
Fine motor ↑ coordination, grasp and release
Gross Motor Skills
Large muscle groups are starting to strengthen
“toddler gait” doesn’t walk smoothly legs are planted wide apart, toes are pointed
forward, and toddler sways from side to side after 6 months, gait is smoother by 3 y/o
toddler walks in heel-to-toe fashion
toddler may fall often but will try to catch themselves parachute reflex
since they are just learning thoughts and feeling verbally, they will use physical actions to
express themselves running, jumping, hitting
Age Expected Gross Motor Skill Expected Fine Motor Skill
12-15 months Walks independently Feeds self finger foods
Uses index finger to point
18 months Climbs stairs w/assistance Masters reaching, grasping and releasing:
Pulls toys while walking stacks blocks, puts things in slots
Turns book pages
Removes shoes and socks (single if board
book, multiple if paper)
Stacks four cubes
24 months Runs Build tower of 6-7 cubes
Kicks Right or left handed
ball Imitates circular and vertical strokes
Can stand on tiptoe Scribbles and paints
Carries several toys, or a Starting to turn knobs
large toy while walking Puts round pegs into holes
Climbs onto and down from
36 months furniture w/o assistance
Climbswall Undresses self
Pedals tricycle Copies circle
Runs easily Builds tower of 9-10 cubes
Walks up and down stairs Holds pencil in writing position
w/alternate feet Screws/unscrews lids, nuts, bolts
, 4
