PHIL 230 Final Exam UPDATED ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER The philosophical position that everything, including
mental states, is entirely physical.
Qualia - CORRECT ANSWER The subjective, first-person experience of sensory perception,
such as the 'redness' of red or the taste of chocolate.
Theism - CORRECT ANSWER The belief that God exists and is actively involved in the
universe.
Deism - CORRECT ANSWER The belief in a God who created the universe but does not
intervene in it.
Necessary Being - CORRECT ANSWER A being that must exist and cannot fail to exist (often
associated with God). A necessary being exists in every possible world.
Contingent Being - CORRECT ANSWER A being that could exist but does not have to exist.
Contingent beings rely on external causes for their existence.
Moral Evil - CORRECT ANSWER Suffering that results from human actions, such as war,
crime, and injustice.
Natural Evil - CORRECT ANSWER Suffering caused by natural events, such as earthquakes,
hurricanes, and diseases.
Type Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER Mental states are identical to specific brain states.
Token Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER Mental states are physical, but they do not always
correspond to the same physical state in every being.
, Multiple-Realizability Objection to Type Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER The objection
states that mental states can be realized in multiple ways across different species and systems.
Mary's Room Thought Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER Thought experiment by Frank
Jackson against physicalism, suggesting that not all knowledge is physical.
Ability Analysis Response to Mary's Room - CORRECT ANSWER The ability hypothesis
argues that Mary does not learn a new fact, but instead gains a new ability (to recognize and imagine
red).
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER Defines mental states by what they do, rather than what
they are made of.
Inverted Qualia Objection to Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER Challenges functionalism
by suggesting that two people could have identical functional states but experience different qualia.
Skandhas - CORRECT ANSWER The five aggregates that constitute a sentient being in
Buddhist philosophy.
Skandhas - CORRECT ANSWER The five impermanent aggregates that make up a person.
First Argument Against a Persisting Self - CORRECT ANSWER If a self existed, it would be
permanent. The five skandhas (which make up a person) are impermanent. Therefore, there is no self.
Buddhist No-Self View #1 - CORRECT ANSWER There is no persisting self—only a
collection of changing mental and physical states (skandhas). The self is a useful fiction; people use
the term 'self' for convenience, but ultimately, there is no true self.
Cleanthes' Analogical Design Argument - CORRECT ANSWER Cleanthes argues that the
universe is similar to a machine, composed of complex, interrelated parts that work together to
achieve a purpose, suggesting it must have been designed by an intelligent being.
Structure of the Argument - CORRECT ANSWER The universe is like a machine in its order
and complexity. Machines are the product of intelligent design. Therefore, the universe is also the
product of intelligent design.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER The philosophical position that everything, including
mental states, is entirely physical.
Qualia - CORRECT ANSWER The subjective, first-person experience of sensory perception,
such as the 'redness' of red or the taste of chocolate.
Theism - CORRECT ANSWER The belief that God exists and is actively involved in the
universe.
Deism - CORRECT ANSWER The belief in a God who created the universe but does not
intervene in it.
Necessary Being - CORRECT ANSWER A being that must exist and cannot fail to exist (often
associated with God). A necessary being exists in every possible world.
Contingent Being - CORRECT ANSWER A being that could exist but does not have to exist.
Contingent beings rely on external causes for their existence.
Moral Evil - CORRECT ANSWER Suffering that results from human actions, such as war,
crime, and injustice.
Natural Evil - CORRECT ANSWER Suffering caused by natural events, such as earthquakes,
hurricanes, and diseases.
Type Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER Mental states are identical to specific brain states.
Token Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER Mental states are physical, but they do not always
correspond to the same physical state in every being.
, Multiple-Realizability Objection to Type Physicalism - CORRECT ANSWER The objection
states that mental states can be realized in multiple ways across different species and systems.
Mary's Room Thought Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER Thought experiment by Frank
Jackson against physicalism, suggesting that not all knowledge is physical.
Ability Analysis Response to Mary's Room - CORRECT ANSWER The ability hypothesis
argues that Mary does not learn a new fact, but instead gains a new ability (to recognize and imagine
red).
Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER Defines mental states by what they do, rather than what
they are made of.
Inverted Qualia Objection to Functionalism - CORRECT ANSWER Challenges functionalism
by suggesting that two people could have identical functional states but experience different qualia.
Skandhas - CORRECT ANSWER The five aggregates that constitute a sentient being in
Buddhist philosophy.
Skandhas - CORRECT ANSWER The five impermanent aggregates that make up a person.
First Argument Against a Persisting Self - CORRECT ANSWER If a self existed, it would be
permanent. The five skandhas (which make up a person) are impermanent. Therefore, there is no self.
Buddhist No-Self View #1 - CORRECT ANSWER There is no persisting self—only a
collection of changing mental and physical states (skandhas). The self is a useful fiction; people use
the term 'self' for convenience, but ultimately, there is no true self.
Cleanthes' Analogical Design Argument - CORRECT ANSWER Cleanthes argues that the
universe is similar to a machine, composed of complex, interrelated parts that work together to
achieve a purpose, suggesting it must have been designed by an intelligent being.
Structure of the Argument - CORRECT ANSWER The universe is like a machine in its order
and complexity. Machines are the product of intelligent design. Therefore, the universe is also the
product of intelligent design.
