,NU 110/NU110 Exam 3 | Integrated Human Sciences
(2026) Q&A | Galen College
1. Which sequence correctly describes the path of filtrate through the nephron?
A) Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → glomerular capsule → efferent arteriole →
proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
B) Glomerulus → afferent arteriole → efferent arteriole → proximal tubule →
loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
C) Afferent arteriole → glomerular capsule → glomerulus → efferent arteriole →
loop of Henle → proximal tubule → distal tubule → collecting duct
D) Efferent arteriole → glomerulus → glomerular capsule → afferent arteriole →
proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
Correct Answer: Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → glomerular capsule →
efferent arteriole → proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule →
collecting duct
Rationale: Blood enters the nephron via the afferent arteriole, is filtered in the
glomerulus within the glomerular capsule, exits through the efferent arteriole,
and then filtrate flows sequentially through the proximal tubule, loop of Henle,
distal tubule, and collecting duct. Any other order disrupts the filtration-
reabsorption-secretion sequence.
2. The three processes of urine formation are:
A) Glomerular secretion, tubular reabsorption, and tubular filtration
B) Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
C) Glomerular reabsorption, tubular filtration, and tubular secretion
D) Glomerular filtration, tubular absorption, and tubular secretion
,Correct Answer: Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular
secretion
Rationale: Urine formation begins with glomerular filtration of plasma, followed
by tubular reabsorption of needed substances and tubular secretion of wastes.
The terms must be precise; "tubular absorption" is not standard, and filtration
occurs in the glomerulus, not the tubules.
3. Which part of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach and bile
from the gallbladder?
A) Jejunum
B) Ileum
C) Duodenum
D) Cecum
Correct Answer: Duodenum
Rationale: The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine. It receives
acidic chyme from the stomach and mixes it with bile from the gallbladder and
pancreatic secretions, which neutralize the acid and begin enzymatic digestion.
The jejunum and ileum primarily absorb nutrients.
4. The pancreas aids digestion by secreting sodium bicarbonate, which:
A) Emulsifies fats
B) Activates pepsinogen
C) Breaks down proteins
, D) Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
Correct Answer: Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas is alkaline and neutralizes the
highly acidic gastric chyme, creating an optimal pH for intestinal enzymes. Bile
emulsifies fats; pepsin is activated in the stomach by acid; pancreatic enzymes
break down proteins, but the bicarbonate's role is neutralization.
5. The primary site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine is the:
A) Duodenum
B) Jejunum
C) Ileum
D) Colon
Correct Answer: Jejunum
Rationale: While absorption occurs throughout the small intestine, the jejunum
has a highly folded mucosa with numerous villi and microvilli, making it the
major site for absorbing carbohydrates, proteins, and most vitamins. The ileum
absorbs vitamin B12 and bile salts; the duodenum absorbs iron.
6. Which structure stores and concentrates bile?
A) Liver
B) Pancreas
C) Gallbladder
(2026) Q&A | Galen College
1. Which sequence correctly describes the path of filtrate through the nephron?
A) Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → glomerular capsule → efferent arteriole →
proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
B) Glomerulus → afferent arteriole → efferent arteriole → proximal tubule →
loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
C) Afferent arteriole → glomerular capsule → glomerulus → efferent arteriole →
loop of Henle → proximal tubule → distal tubule → collecting duct
D) Efferent arteriole → glomerulus → glomerular capsule → afferent arteriole →
proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule → collecting duct
Correct Answer: Afferent arteriole → glomerulus → glomerular capsule →
efferent arteriole → proximal tubule → loop of Henle → distal tubule →
collecting duct
Rationale: Blood enters the nephron via the afferent arteriole, is filtered in the
glomerulus within the glomerular capsule, exits through the efferent arteriole,
and then filtrate flows sequentially through the proximal tubule, loop of Henle,
distal tubule, and collecting duct. Any other order disrupts the filtration-
reabsorption-secretion sequence.
2. The three processes of urine formation are:
A) Glomerular secretion, tubular reabsorption, and tubular filtration
B) Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
C) Glomerular reabsorption, tubular filtration, and tubular secretion
D) Glomerular filtration, tubular absorption, and tubular secretion
,Correct Answer: Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular
secretion
Rationale: Urine formation begins with glomerular filtration of plasma, followed
by tubular reabsorption of needed substances and tubular secretion of wastes.
The terms must be precise; "tubular absorption" is not standard, and filtration
occurs in the glomerulus, not the tubules.
3. Which part of the small intestine receives chyme from the stomach and bile
from the gallbladder?
A) Jejunum
B) Ileum
C) Duodenum
D) Cecum
Correct Answer: Duodenum
Rationale: The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine. It receives
acidic chyme from the stomach and mixes it with bile from the gallbladder and
pancreatic secretions, which neutralize the acid and begin enzymatic digestion.
The jejunum and ileum primarily absorb nutrients.
4. The pancreas aids digestion by secreting sodium bicarbonate, which:
A) Emulsifies fats
B) Activates pepsinogen
C) Breaks down proteins
, D) Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
Correct Answer: Neutralizes acidic chyme from the stomach
Rationale: Sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas is alkaline and neutralizes the
highly acidic gastric chyme, creating an optimal pH for intestinal enzymes. Bile
emulsifies fats; pepsin is activated in the stomach by acid; pancreatic enzymes
break down proteins, but the bicarbonate's role is neutralization.
5. The primary site of nutrient absorption in the small intestine is the:
A) Duodenum
B) Jejunum
C) Ileum
D) Colon
Correct Answer: Jejunum
Rationale: While absorption occurs throughout the small intestine, the jejunum
has a highly folded mucosa with numerous villi and microvilli, making it the
major site for absorbing carbohydrates, proteins, and most vitamins. The ileum
absorbs vitamin B12 and bile salts; the duodenum absorbs iron.
6. Which structure stores and concentrates bile?
A) Liver
B) Pancreas
C) Gallbladder
