NURS 8022 / NURS8022 Final Exam
Review: Advanced Physiology and
Pathophysiology Course
Aging changes in skin - answerbecomes thinner, drier, wrinkled, and
demonstrate changes in pigmentation; number of capillary loops shorten
and decrease; melanocytes and Langerhans cells are fewer; temp
regulation compromised; protective functions decrease
Primary lesions - answerlesions arising from previously normal skin
Secondary lesions - answerlesions that result in changes in primary lesions
Pressure ulcer - answerany lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that
results in damage to underlying tissue
decubitus ulcer - answersore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Stages of pressure ulcers - answerStage I: nonblanchable erythema of
intact skin
Stage II: partial-thickness skin loss
Stage III: full-thickness skin loss; not involving underlying fascia
Stage IV: full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction
Unstageable: base of ulcer covered by slough and/or eschar in wound bed
Pruritus - answeritching; caused by unmyelinated C-nerve fibers
Neuropathic itch - answerRelated to any pathologic condition along an
afferent pathway
Psychogenic itch - answerPsychologic disorders
Allergic contact dermatitis - answerT-cell mediated or delayed
hypersensitivity; erythema, swelling, pruritus, and vesicular lesions
Irritant contact dermatitis - answeroccurs when irritating substances
temporarily damage the epidermis
, atopic dermatitis - answeran unusual inflammation of the skin; associated
with a family history of allergies, hay fever, elevated IgE levels, and
increased histamine sensitivity
stasis dermatitis - answeroccurs in the lower leg when varicose veins slow
the return of blood and the accumulation of fluid interferes with the
nourishment of the skin
seborrheic dermatitis - answeran inflammation that causes scaling and
itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp; greasy, scaly, white, or
yellowish plaques
Psoriasis - answerchronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with
silvery scales; t-cell mediated autoimmune skin disease
Pityriasis Rosea - answerBenign, self-limiting inflammatory disorder
Usually occurs during the winter months; Herald patch
Circular, demarcated, salmon-pink, 3- to 4-cm lesion
Lichen planus - answerBenign, autoinflammatory disorder of the skin and
mucous membranes; Unknown origin; involvement of T cells, adhesion
molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and antigen-presenting cells; Lesions:
nonscaling popular violet-colored with pruritus on wrists, ankles, lower legs,
and genitalia
acne vulgaris - answerinflammation of the sebaceous glands; hypertrophy
of sebaceous glands and telangiectasia
acne rosacea - answerchronic form of adult acne with redness and tiny
pimples, primarily on nose
DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) - answerAutoimmune attack on the skin
causing red scaly dry patches; can lead to systemic lupus; altered immune
response with the development of self-reactive T and B cells, decreased
number of regulatory T cells, and increased proinflammatory cytokines
Erythema multiforme - answeracute recurring disorder of skin and mucous
membranes; associated with allergic or toxic reactions to drugs or
microorganisms; caused by immune complexes formed and deposited
Review: Advanced Physiology and
Pathophysiology Course
Aging changes in skin - answerbecomes thinner, drier, wrinkled, and
demonstrate changes in pigmentation; number of capillary loops shorten
and decrease; melanocytes and Langerhans cells are fewer; temp
regulation compromised; protective functions decrease
Primary lesions - answerlesions arising from previously normal skin
Secondary lesions - answerlesions that result in changes in primary lesions
Pressure ulcer - answerany lesion caused by unrelieved pressure that
results in damage to underlying tissue
decubitus ulcer - answersore caused by lying down for long periods of time
Stages of pressure ulcers - answerStage I: nonblanchable erythema of
intact skin
Stage II: partial-thickness skin loss
Stage III: full-thickness skin loss; not involving underlying fascia
Stage IV: full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction
Unstageable: base of ulcer covered by slough and/or eschar in wound bed
Pruritus - answeritching; caused by unmyelinated C-nerve fibers
Neuropathic itch - answerRelated to any pathologic condition along an
afferent pathway
Psychogenic itch - answerPsychologic disorders
Allergic contact dermatitis - answerT-cell mediated or delayed
hypersensitivity; erythema, swelling, pruritus, and vesicular lesions
Irritant contact dermatitis - answeroccurs when irritating substances
temporarily damage the epidermis
, atopic dermatitis - answeran unusual inflammation of the skin; associated
with a family history of allergies, hay fever, elevated IgE levels, and
increased histamine sensitivity
stasis dermatitis - answeroccurs in the lower leg when varicose veins slow
the return of blood and the accumulation of fluid interferes with the
nourishment of the skin
seborrheic dermatitis - answeran inflammation that causes scaling and
itching of the upper layers of the skin or scalp; greasy, scaly, white, or
yellowish plaques
Psoriasis - answerchronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with
silvery scales; t-cell mediated autoimmune skin disease
Pityriasis Rosea - answerBenign, self-limiting inflammatory disorder
Usually occurs during the winter months; Herald patch
Circular, demarcated, salmon-pink, 3- to 4-cm lesion
Lichen planus - answerBenign, autoinflammatory disorder of the skin and
mucous membranes; Unknown origin; involvement of T cells, adhesion
molecules, inflammatory cytokines, and antigen-presenting cells; Lesions:
nonscaling popular violet-colored with pruritus on wrists, ankles, lower legs,
and genitalia
acne vulgaris - answerinflammation of the sebaceous glands; hypertrophy
of sebaceous glands and telangiectasia
acne rosacea - answerchronic form of adult acne with redness and tiny
pimples, primarily on nose
DLE (discoid lupus erythematosus) - answerAutoimmune attack on the skin
causing red scaly dry patches; can lead to systemic lupus; altered immune
response with the development of self-reactive T and B cells, decreased
number of regulatory T cells, and increased proinflammatory cytokines
Erythema multiforme - answeracute recurring disorder of skin and mucous
membranes; associated with allergic or toxic reactions to drugs or
microorganisms; caused by immune complexes formed and deposited
