NUR 198 – FUNDAMENTALS/CONCEPTS: ORIGINAL
QUESTION FINAL PRACTICE EXAM VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) LATEST UPDATED
VERSION 2026 EDITION
Introduction & Coverage:
This is an original, exam-style practice set designed to reflect the breadth of a typical NUR
198 (Fundamentals/Concepts) final in nursing programs. It is not taken from any real
course test bank or school exam.
Content domains covered:
Geriatrics & safety: polypharmacy, delirium vs dementia, fall prevention, elder
abuse, sleep, nutrition, advance care planning
Renal/Fluids/Electrolytes: kidney disease labs (BUN/Cr, K⁺, PO₄³⁻, Ca²⁺), fluid
overload vs deficit, renal diet, dialysis basics, epoetin alfa and anemia monitoring
Infection control & fundamentals: standard/contact/airborne precautions, C. diff,
CAUTI/CLABSI prevention, sepsis recognition, IV complications (infiltration/phlebitis)
Medication safety & basics: warfarin/INR, heparin SQ, insulin technique,
hypoglycemia management, anaphylaxis response, seizure safety, DVT prevention
Nursing process, assessment, ethics, documentation: subjective vs objective
data, beneficence/nonmaleficence/autonomy, confidentiality (HIPAA), refusal of
treatment, discharge teaching and teach-back
SECTION 1 – Geriatrics, Polypharmacy, Safety (Q1–25)
Q1. An older adult takes 8 prescription medications plus 3 over-the-counter products. Which
risk is highest?
A. Dehydration only
B. Polypharmacy with drug interactions and adverse effects
,C. No risk
D. Only constipation
E. Only insomnia
B. Polypharmacy with drug interactions and adverse effects
Multiple meds increase interaction and side-effect risk.
Q2. Which intervention best reduces fall risk in an older adult?
A. Keep bed in high position
B. Ensure clear pathways, non-skid footwear, and night lighting
C. No assistive devices
D. Avoid mobility
E. Keep call light out of reach
B. Ensure clear pathways, non-skid footwear, and night lighting
Environmental safety reduces falls.
Q3. An older patient reports new confusion after starting a new medication. What is priority?
A. Ignore
B. Review all medications for anticholinergic/sedating effects and notify provider
C. Increase dose
D. No assessment
E. No documentation
B. Review all medications for anticholinergic/sedating effects and notify provider
Meds commonly cause delirium in older adults.
,Q4. Which finding suggests dehydration in an older adult?
A. Moist mucous membranes
B. Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, and concentrated urine
C. No symptoms
D. High urine output
E. No changes
B. Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, and concentrated urine
Classic dehydration signs.
Q5. Which strategy helps prevent medication errors in older adults?
A. Use multiple pharmacies
B. Keep an updated medication list and use one pharmacy
C. No list
D. Avoid labels
E. No teaching
B. Keep an updated medication list and use one pharmacy
Reduces duplication and interactions.
Q6. A patient with dementia becomes agitated at night. What is the best initial approach?
A. Restrain immediately
B. Assess for unmet needs (pain, toileting, environment) and use nonpharmacologic
calming
, C. No assessment
D. Sedate routinely
E. Ignore
B. Assess for unmet needs (pain, toileting, environment) and use nonpharmacologic
calming
Behavior often reflects unmet needs.
Q7. Which instruction helps prevent orthostatic hypotension?
A. Stand up quickly
B. Rise slowly, dangle legs, and hydrate as allowed
C. No fluids
D. Avoid monitoring
E. No teaching
B. Rise slowly, dangle legs, and hydrate as allowed
Prevents dizziness and falls.
Q8. An older adult has difficulty seeing medication labels. Which aid is most helpful?
A. No changes
B. Large-print labels and pill organizer with times of day
C. Avoid organizers
D. No teaching
E. No assistance
B. Large-print labels and pill organizer with times of day
Supports adherence and safety.
QUESTION FINAL PRACTICE EXAM VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS WITH DETAILED RATIONALES (100%
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS) LATEST UPDATED
VERSION 2026 EDITION
Introduction & Coverage:
This is an original, exam-style practice set designed to reflect the breadth of a typical NUR
198 (Fundamentals/Concepts) final in nursing programs. It is not taken from any real
course test bank or school exam.
Content domains covered:
Geriatrics & safety: polypharmacy, delirium vs dementia, fall prevention, elder
abuse, sleep, nutrition, advance care planning
Renal/Fluids/Electrolytes: kidney disease labs (BUN/Cr, K⁺, PO₄³⁻, Ca²⁺), fluid
overload vs deficit, renal diet, dialysis basics, epoetin alfa and anemia monitoring
Infection control & fundamentals: standard/contact/airborne precautions, C. diff,
CAUTI/CLABSI prevention, sepsis recognition, IV complications (infiltration/phlebitis)
Medication safety & basics: warfarin/INR, heparin SQ, insulin technique,
hypoglycemia management, anaphylaxis response, seizure safety, DVT prevention
Nursing process, assessment, ethics, documentation: subjective vs objective
data, beneficence/nonmaleficence/autonomy, confidentiality (HIPAA), refusal of
treatment, discharge teaching and teach-back
SECTION 1 – Geriatrics, Polypharmacy, Safety (Q1–25)
Q1. An older adult takes 8 prescription medications plus 3 over-the-counter products. Which
risk is highest?
A. Dehydration only
B. Polypharmacy with drug interactions and adverse effects
,C. No risk
D. Only constipation
E. Only insomnia
B. Polypharmacy with drug interactions and adverse effects
Multiple meds increase interaction and side-effect risk.
Q2. Which intervention best reduces fall risk in an older adult?
A. Keep bed in high position
B. Ensure clear pathways, non-skid footwear, and night lighting
C. No assistive devices
D. Avoid mobility
E. Keep call light out of reach
B. Ensure clear pathways, non-skid footwear, and night lighting
Environmental safety reduces falls.
Q3. An older patient reports new confusion after starting a new medication. What is priority?
A. Ignore
B. Review all medications for anticholinergic/sedating effects and notify provider
C. Increase dose
D. No assessment
E. No documentation
B. Review all medications for anticholinergic/sedating effects and notify provider
Meds commonly cause delirium in older adults.
,Q4. Which finding suggests dehydration in an older adult?
A. Moist mucous membranes
B. Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, and concentrated urine
C. No symptoms
D. High urine output
E. No changes
B. Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor, and concentrated urine
Classic dehydration signs.
Q5. Which strategy helps prevent medication errors in older adults?
A. Use multiple pharmacies
B. Keep an updated medication list and use one pharmacy
C. No list
D. Avoid labels
E. No teaching
B. Keep an updated medication list and use one pharmacy
Reduces duplication and interactions.
Q6. A patient with dementia becomes agitated at night. What is the best initial approach?
A. Restrain immediately
B. Assess for unmet needs (pain, toileting, environment) and use nonpharmacologic
calming
, C. No assessment
D. Sedate routinely
E. Ignore
B. Assess for unmet needs (pain, toileting, environment) and use nonpharmacologic
calming
Behavior often reflects unmet needs.
Q7. Which instruction helps prevent orthostatic hypotension?
A. Stand up quickly
B. Rise slowly, dangle legs, and hydrate as allowed
C. No fluids
D. Avoid monitoring
E. No teaching
B. Rise slowly, dangle legs, and hydrate as allowed
Prevents dizziness and falls.
Q8. An older adult has difficulty seeing medication labels. Which aid is most helpful?
A. No changes
B. Large-print labels and pill organizer with times of day
C. Avoid organizers
D. No teaching
E. No assistance
B. Large-print labels and pill organizer with times of day
Supports adherence and safety.
