ORTHOTICS AND PROSTHETICS COMBINED WRITTEN BOARDS ACTUAL EXAM / NEWEST 2025-2026 / COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE –
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS
A. Knee extension ✔️a complete lesion of the femoral nerve as it leaves the lumbar plexus affects what motion?
A. knee extension
B. hip adduction
c. hip extension
d. knee flexion
e. ankle plantarflexion
the femoral nerve ✔️what is the largest nerve of the lumbar plexus?
Iliopsoas ✔️what is the primary flexor of the hip?
common peroneal nerve ✔️paralytic equinus during swing phase is often caused by injury to what nerve?
Equinus deformity ✔️toe is in a down position, dorsiflexion limitation of the ankle
heel strike on one limb and a subsequent heel strike on the ipsilateral side ✔️what is a cycle of gait defined as?
C. Line of progression ✔️toe in or toe out is the relationship of the long axis of the foot to the:
A. subtalar joint
B. ankle joint axis
C. line of progression
D. Knee axis
subtalar joint ✔️what joint do the motions of inversion and eversion occur primarily at?
talus, tibia, fibula ✔️what bones make up the talocrural joint?
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
essentially a hinge type joint ✔️what motion occurs in the talocrural joint?
resist over-eversion of the foot ✔️what is the primary action of the medial ligament of the ankle?
resist over-inversion of the foot ✔️what is the primary action of the lateral ligament of the ankle?
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus ✔️what muscles produce dorsiflexion of the ankle?
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and posterior tibialis ✔️what muscles produce plantarflexion of the ankle?
talus and calcaneus ✔️what bones form the subtalar joint? (aka talocalcaneal joint)
talonavicular, calcaneocuboid ✔️what joints make up the midtarsal joint?
the anterior talar head and the concavity on the navicular ✔️what makes up the talonavicular joint?
the anterior facet of the calcaneus and the posterior cuboid ✔️what makes up the calcaneocuboid joint?
midtarsal joints (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid) ✔️what are the Chopart joints?
tarsometatarsal joints ✔️what are the Lisfranc joints?
1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform ✔️what makes up the medial column of the tarsometatarsal joints?
,2nd and 3rd metatarsal and intermediate and lateral cuneiforms ✔️what makes up the middle column of the tarsometatarsal joints?
4th and 5th metatarsals and the cuboid ✔️what makes up the lateral tarsometatarsal joints?
inversion and eversion, dorsiflexion an plantar flexion ✔️what motions are produced at the subtalar joint?
inversion and eversion. flexion and extension ✔️what motions are produced at the midtarsal joint?
flexion and extension, abduction and adduction ✔️what motions are produced at the metatarsalphalangeal joints?
flexion and extension ✔️what motions are produced at the IP joints?
D. shortened step length on contralateral side ✔️a complete lesion of the tibial nerve on one leg will result in what gait deviations?
A. foot slap on ipsilateral side
B. gluteus medius limp on contralateral side
C. Shortened step length on ipsilateral side
D. shortened step length on contralateral side
(posterior lower leg muscles)
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus ✔️what muscles are innervated by
the tibial nerve?
cervical lateral flexion ✔️what is the C3 myotome
shoulder elevation ✔️what is the C4 myotome
shoulder abduction ✔️what is the C5 myotome
elbow flexion, wrist extension ✔️what is the C6 myotome
elbow extension, wrist flexion ✔️what is the C7 myotome
thumb extension, finger flexion ✔️what is the C8 myotome
finger abduction and adduction ✔️what is the T1 myotome
hip flexion ✔️what is the L2 myotome
knee extension ✔️what is the L3 myotome
ankle DF ✔️what is the L4 myotome
great toe extension ✔️what is the L5 myotome
PF, eversion, hip extension ✔️what is the S1 myotome
knee flexion, PF ✔️what is the S2 myotome
Scheuermann's Disease ✔️a developmental disorder of the spine
abnormal growth of the thoracic spine
anterior portion of the thoracic vertebrae do not develop as fast as the posterior portion resulting in exaggerated kyphosis
Blount's disease (osteochondrosis deformans tibiae) ✔️-growth disorder of the tibia
-characterized by inward bowing of the lower leg that worsens over time
-tibia vara
, Leg-Calve-Perthes Disease ✔️-avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral head resulting from compromise of the tenuous blood supply to this
area
-usually occurs in children aged 4-10 years old
-may occur after an injury to the hip
-typically unilateral
Heel strike (initial contact) ✔️at which part of gait are the most number of muscles active?
B. lateral thigh distal to the GT, lateral aspect of the foot and the medial condyle of the femur ✔️For correction of genu valgum, forces should be
applied over the:
A. lateral condyle of the femur, lateral aspect of the foot and the head of the fibula
B. Lateral thigh distal to the GT, lateral aspect of the foot and medial condyle of the femur
C. Anterior thigh poplitial fossa and dorsal surface of the foot
D. perineum, dial aspect of the foot and lateral condyle of the femur
E. medial condyle of the femur, medial aspect of the foot and the head of the tibia
D. insure that the mechanical ankle axis coincides with the anatomical ankle axis in the transverse plane ✔️the purpose of measuring external
rotation of the ankle joint is to:
A. determine total amount of internal rotation of the tibia in a normal adult
B. allow for toe out
C. determine amount of anterior deflection of the lateral sidebar
D. insure that the mechanical ankle axis coincides with the anatomical ankle axis in the transverse plane
D. insure that the medial and lateral mechanical ankle axes are parallel in the coronal plane
C. 10 degrees of varus or valgus, 20 degrees of anterior posterior angulation ✔️what is the maximum acceptable malalignment of a tibial
fracture that can be managed with an off the shelf fracture orthosis?
A. 5 degrees of valgus/varus, 30 degrees of anterior-posterior angulation
B. no more than 5 degrees of varus/valgus, 10 degrees of AP angulation
C. 10 degrees of varus/valgus, 20 degrees of AP angulation
D. 10 degrees of valgus, 30 degrees of AP angulation
A few degrees of relative DF ✔️for most patients with paraplegia to stand in KAFOs they must be allowed to rest on their iliofemoral ligaments.
In order to facilitate this posture, how should the tibias be posistioned sagittally in relationship to the ground?
osteogenesis imperfecta ✔️congenital osteoporosis, along with fractures before and during birth is indicative of which condition
arthrogryposis ✔️-non-progressive condition characterized by multiple joint contractures and involves muscle weakness
-found at birth
-most common form is amyoplasia (hands, wrist, elbows, shoulders, feet, hips and knees are affected)
-severe conditions involve the jaw and spine
spina bifida ✔️-birth defect that occurs when the spine and the spinal cord don't form properly
-neural tube defects
spina bifida occulta ✔️-mildest form of spina bifida
EXPERT VERIFIED QUESTIONS
A. Knee extension ✔️a complete lesion of the femoral nerve as it leaves the lumbar plexus affects what motion?
A. knee extension
B. hip adduction
c. hip extension
d. knee flexion
e. ankle plantarflexion
the femoral nerve ✔️what is the largest nerve of the lumbar plexus?
Iliopsoas ✔️what is the primary flexor of the hip?
common peroneal nerve ✔️paralytic equinus during swing phase is often caused by injury to what nerve?
Equinus deformity ✔️toe is in a down position, dorsiflexion limitation of the ankle
heel strike on one limb and a subsequent heel strike on the ipsilateral side ✔️what is a cycle of gait defined as?
C. Line of progression ✔️toe in or toe out is the relationship of the long axis of the foot to the:
A. subtalar joint
B. ankle joint axis
C. line of progression
D. Knee axis
subtalar joint ✔️what joint do the motions of inversion and eversion occur primarily at?
talus, tibia, fibula ✔️what bones make up the talocrural joint?
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
essentially a hinge type joint ✔️what motion occurs in the talocrural joint?
resist over-eversion of the foot ✔️what is the primary action of the medial ligament of the ankle?
resist over-inversion of the foot ✔️what is the primary action of the lateral ligament of the ankle?
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus ✔️what muscles produce dorsiflexion of the ankle?
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris and posterior tibialis ✔️what muscles produce plantarflexion of the ankle?
talus and calcaneus ✔️what bones form the subtalar joint? (aka talocalcaneal joint)
talonavicular, calcaneocuboid ✔️what joints make up the midtarsal joint?
the anterior talar head and the concavity on the navicular ✔️what makes up the talonavicular joint?
the anterior facet of the calcaneus and the posterior cuboid ✔️what makes up the calcaneocuboid joint?
midtarsal joints (talonavicular and calcaneocuboid) ✔️what are the Chopart joints?
tarsometatarsal joints ✔️what are the Lisfranc joints?
1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform ✔️what makes up the medial column of the tarsometatarsal joints?
,2nd and 3rd metatarsal and intermediate and lateral cuneiforms ✔️what makes up the middle column of the tarsometatarsal joints?
4th and 5th metatarsals and the cuboid ✔️what makes up the lateral tarsometatarsal joints?
inversion and eversion, dorsiflexion an plantar flexion ✔️what motions are produced at the subtalar joint?
inversion and eversion. flexion and extension ✔️what motions are produced at the midtarsal joint?
flexion and extension, abduction and adduction ✔️what motions are produced at the metatarsalphalangeal joints?
flexion and extension ✔️what motions are produced at the IP joints?
D. shortened step length on contralateral side ✔️a complete lesion of the tibial nerve on one leg will result in what gait deviations?
A. foot slap on ipsilateral side
B. gluteus medius limp on contralateral side
C. Shortened step length on ipsilateral side
D. shortened step length on contralateral side
(posterior lower leg muscles)
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus ✔️what muscles are innervated by
the tibial nerve?
cervical lateral flexion ✔️what is the C3 myotome
shoulder elevation ✔️what is the C4 myotome
shoulder abduction ✔️what is the C5 myotome
elbow flexion, wrist extension ✔️what is the C6 myotome
elbow extension, wrist flexion ✔️what is the C7 myotome
thumb extension, finger flexion ✔️what is the C8 myotome
finger abduction and adduction ✔️what is the T1 myotome
hip flexion ✔️what is the L2 myotome
knee extension ✔️what is the L3 myotome
ankle DF ✔️what is the L4 myotome
great toe extension ✔️what is the L5 myotome
PF, eversion, hip extension ✔️what is the S1 myotome
knee flexion, PF ✔️what is the S2 myotome
Scheuermann's Disease ✔️a developmental disorder of the spine
abnormal growth of the thoracic spine
anterior portion of the thoracic vertebrae do not develop as fast as the posterior portion resulting in exaggerated kyphosis
Blount's disease (osteochondrosis deformans tibiae) ✔️-growth disorder of the tibia
-characterized by inward bowing of the lower leg that worsens over time
-tibia vara
, Leg-Calve-Perthes Disease ✔️-avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral head resulting from compromise of the tenuous blood supply to this
area
-usually occurs in children aged 4-10 years old
-may occur after an injury to the hip
-typically unilateral
Heel strike (initial contact) ✔️at which part of gait are the most number of muscles active?
B. lateral thigh distal to the GT, lateral aspect of the foot and the medial condyle of the femur ✔️For correction of genu valgum, forces should be
applied over the:
A. lateral condyle of the femur, lateral aspect of the foot and the head of the fibula
B. Lateral thigh distal to the GT, lateral aspect of the foot and medial condyle of the femur
C. Anterior thigh poplitial fossa and dorsal surface of the foot
D. perineum, dial aspect of the foot and lateral condyle of the femur
E. medial condyle of the femur, medial aspect of the foot and the head of the tibia
D. insure that the mechanical ankle axis coincides with the anatomical ankle axis in the transverse plane ✔️the purpose of measuring external
rotation of the ankle joint is to:
A. determine total amount of internal rotation of the tibia in a normal adult
B. allow for toe out
C. determine amount of anterior deflection of the lateral sidebar
D. insure that the mechanical ankle axis coincides with the anatomical ankle axis in the transverse plane
D. insure that the medial and lateral mechanical ankle axes are parallel in the coronal plane
C. 10 degrees of varus or valgus, 20 degrees of anterior posterior angulation ✔️what is the maximum acceptable malalignment of a tibial
fracture that can be managed with an off the shelf fracture orthosis?
A. 5 degrees of valgus/varus, 30 degrees of anterior-posterior angulation
B. no more than 5 degrees of varus/valgus, 10 degrees of AP angulation
C. 10 degrees of varus/valgus, 20 degrees of AP angulation
D. 10 degrees of valgus, 30 degrees of AP angulation
A few degrees of relative DF ✔️for most patients with paraplegia to stand in KAFOs they must be allowed to rest on their iliofemoral ligaments.
In order to facilitate this posture, how should the tibias be posistioned sagittally in relationship to the ground?
osteogenesis imperfecta ✔️congenital osteoporosis, along with fractures before and during birth is indicative of which condition
arthrogryposis ✔️-non-progressive condition characterized by multiple joint contractures and involves muscle weakness
-found at birth
-most common form is amyoplasia (hands, wrist, elbows, shoulders, feet, hips and knees are affected)
-severe conditions involve the jaw and spine
spina bifida ✔️-birth defect that occurs when the spine and the spinal cord don't form properly
-neural tube defects
spina bifida occulta ✔️-mildest form of spina bifida
