CMN 122 Exam 2 Final Test Questions
and All Correct Answers.
Why might people stereotype others based on how they sound? What is this hypothesis called?
- Answer "What sounds beautiful is good" hypothesis: vocal attractiveness would garner
positive impressions
Advantages
The vocally attractive person has several advantages over the vocally unattractive person
Personality perceptions- people with "good voices as good people"
False sense of similarity
More socially skilled
What are the two important qualities of an attractive voice? - Answer Pitch and impact
Pitch - Answer - How high or how low a voice sounds
- Attractive voice pitch is neither too high or too low
Impact - Answer - Includes the voice's resonance, articulation, and volume
- Resonance- vocal quality that can best be described as the fullness of sound in the facial cavity
(resonant voices are smooth and strong)
- Articulation- production of crisp and distinct speech sounds
- Volume- simply a voice's loudness or softness
What are the phases/stages in the seduction process? Can you explain each? - Answer -
Attention phase: where the seducer has found someone who seems appealing
- Recognition phase: where the seducer gains the targets attention
-Interaction phase: where the seducer may strike up a conversation
- Sexual arousal phase: speech continues in a soft manner but filled with tender words like baby,
honey, and sweetie, Etc
- Resolution phase: sexual intercourse occurs
Why are certain vocalic cues able to communicate affection? What does affectionate exchange
theory argue? - Answer - people use high-pitched voices when being affectionate to appear
friendly rather than aggressive
- Men were socialized to appear strong so they appear rollable by using a high-pitched voice to
convey trust, worth, and affection
,Affectionate exchange theory - Answer affectionate communication is important because it
increases human's chances of survival by helping them win over someone to create offspring
What are the functions of silence? - Answer - Linkage function- silence may bond two (or
more people) or it may separate them
- Affecting function- silence may heal (over time) or wound
- Revelation function- silence may make something known to a person ( self exploration) or it
may hide information from others
- Judgmental function- silence may signal assent and favor or it may signal descent and disfavor
- Activating function- silence may signal deep thoughtfulness (work) or it may signal mental
inactivity
What is baby talk? Can you explain the vocal behaviors of baby talk? - Answer "special way of
talking where sentences are short and sweet, the rate of speech is fairly slow, and the pitch of
voice is generally high"
- people tend to repeat their words
What is the "good voice"? - Answer Attractive voice qualities- "Maintaining sufficient muscle
tone in the vocal folds to produce a highly complex vocal tone at a desired frequency and
intensity; positioning the glottis at the correct vertical level; properly horizontal positioning of
the tongue for articulation and audibility; proper use of the nasal cavity; and the right amount
of sympathetic resonance"
- two important qualities of voice attractiveness: pitch and impact
What are the different dimensions for crowding? - Answer - spatial: the number of non-
human elements in an environment and their relationships to each other all help define the
extent of spatial creating proceed by individuals
- social: The social ( or human) dimension of crowding concerns the number of individuals as
well as the rate and extent of social interaction among people and a given environmental setting
What have researchers found in regard to satisfaction/emotions and crowding when shopping? -
Answer - Perceptions of crowding are individual in nature; two different shoppers in the
same store may perceive different levels of crowding depending on individual characteristics
and situational constraints
- The extent of human and spatial crowding perceived by a shopper may elicit negative
emotions and stress associated with a lack of perceived control
What is behavioral matching? - Answer -When two people use similar positive behaviors,
they feel more attracted to one another and more satisfied with their relationship
-Behavioral matching occurs when a particular behavior is similar between relational partners.
, What are cultural display rules? What are cultural decoding rules? - Answer - cultural display
rules: cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion; learned early in childhood that help
individuals manage and modify their emotional expressions depending on social circumstances
- cultural decoding rules: help manage the judgement of emotions in other (individualistic
cultures may foster grr and open expression of emotion, thereby promoting more accurate
judgment of emotion as well)
What is intimate terrorism? - Answer - intimate terrorism: the nature of chronic violence
against intimate partners; perpetrators tend to be males; emphasizes intentionally perpetrated
violence that is enacted in order to control; and demonstrate ownership of one's intimate
partner
- stems from historical and cultural traditions that afford men the right to control women
What is common couple violence? - Answer - likely to be perpetrated by either gender, is
often milder than patriarchal violence, and stems from conflict episodes that spin out of control
what is the difference between intimate terrorism and common couple violence? - Answer -
intimate terrorism is more frequent (on average once per week) and more intense over time;
they do not subside
- intimate terrorism is usually men towards women; whereas common couple is both genders
- common couple violence is less severe and less chance for PTSD
What is the demand-withdraw conflict pattern? How is it related to common couple violence? -
Answer - a conflict interaction pattern where one partner demands change and the other
withdraws from the conflict interaction
- individuals who engage in common couple violence often engage in this pattern
- in heterosexual couples: women is usually demanding, man usually withdraws
- demand withdraw is more present in violent relationships, and men are just as likely to be
demanders as women
How is common couple violence associated with different conflict management tactics (e.g.,
competitive, collaborative, etc.) - Answer Couples who had experienced violence and
aggression were also more likely to use competitive conflicts tacts and less likely to use
collaborative (or avoidant) tactics
What does research say about different types of touch and tipping in restaurants? - Answer -
tipping was higher if the weather was sunny, it was later in the week, and there were more
people in the party
- the shoulder touch (hand on the diner's shoulder for one second) and the fleeting touch
(touch the diners palm for only a second) increased tipping by an equal amount
- touch did not influence perceptions of the pleasantness of the restaurant
and All Correct Answers.
Why might people stereotype others based on how they sound? What is this hypothesis called?
- Answer "What sounds beautiful is good" hypothesis: vocal attractiveness would garner
positive impressions
Advantages
The vocally attractive person has several advantages over the vocally unattractive person
Personality perceptions- people with "good voices as good people"
False sense of similarity
More socially skilled
What are the two important qualities of an attractive voice? - Answer Pitch and impact
Pitch - Answer - How high or how low a voice sounds
- Attractive voice pitch is neither too high or too low
Impact - Answer - Includes the voice's resonance, articulation, and volume
- Resonance- vocal quality that can best be described as the fullness of sound in the facial cavity
(resonant voices are smooth and strong)
- Articulation- production of crisp and distinct speech sounds
- Volume- simply a voice's loudness or softness
What are the phases/stages in the seduction process? Can you explain each? - Answer -
Attention phase: where the seducer has found someone who seems appealing
- Recognition phase: where the seducer gains the targets attention
-Interaction phase: where the seducer may strike up a conversation
- Sexual arousal phase: speech continues in a soft manner but filled with tender words like baby,
honey, and sweetie, Etc
- Resolution phase: sexual intercourse occurs
Why are certain vocalic cues able to communicate affection? What does affectionate exchange
theory argue? - Answer - people use high-pitched voices when being affectionate to appear
friendly rather than aggressive
- Men were socialized to appear strong so they appear rollable by using a high-pitched voice to
convey trust, worth, and affection
,Affectionate exchange theory - Answer affectionate communication is important because it
increases human's chances of survival by helping them win over someone to create offspring
What are the functions of silence? - Answer - Linkage function- silence may bond two (or
more people) or it may separate them
- Affecting function- silence may heal (over time) or wound
- Revelation function- silence may make something known to a person ( self exploration) or it
may hide information from others
- Judgmental function- silence may signal assent and favor or it may signal descent and disfavor
- Activating function- silence may signal deep thoughtfulness (work) or it may signal mental
inactivity
What is baby talk? Can you explain the vocal behaviors of baby talk? - Answer "special way of
talking where sentences are short and sweet, the rate of speech is fairly slow, and the pitch of
voice is generally high"
- people tend to repeat their words
What is the "good voice"? - Answer Attractive voice qualities- "Maintaining sufficient muscle
tone in the vocal folds to produce a highly complex vocal tone at a desired frequency and
intensity; positioning the glottis at the correct vertical level; properly horizontal positioning of
the tongue for articulation and audibility; proper use of the nasal cavity; and the right amount
of sympathetic resonance"
- two important qualities of voice attractiveness: pitch and impact
What are the different dimensions for crowding? - Answer - spatial: the number of non-
human elements in an environment and their relationships to each other all help define the
extent of spatial creating proceed by individuals
- social: The social ( or human) dimension of crowding concerns the number of individuals as
well as the rate and extent of social interaction among people and a given environmental setting
What have researchers found in regard to satisfaction/emotions and crowding when shopping? -
Answer - Perceptions of crowding are individual in nature; two different shoppers in the
same store may perceive different levels of crowding depending on individual characteristics
and situational constraints
- The extent of human and spatial crowding perceived by a shopper may elicit negative
emotions and stress associated with a lack of perceived control
What is behavioral matching? - Answer -When two people use similar positive behaviors,
they feel more attracted to one another and more satisfied with their relationship
-Behavioral matching occurs when a particular behavior is similar between relational partners.
, What are cultural display rules? What are cultural decoding rules? - Answer - cultural display
rules: cultural differences in facial expressions of emotion; learned early in childhood that help
individuals manage and modify their emotional expressions depending on social circumstances
- cultural decoding rules: help manage the judgement of emotions in other (individualistic
cultures may foster grr and open expression of emotion, thereby promoting more accurate
judgment of emotion as well)
What is intimate terrorism? - Answer - intimate terrorism: the nature of chronic violence
against intimate partners; perpetrators tend to be males; emphasizes intentionally perpetrated
violence that is enacted in order to control; and demonstrate ownership of one's intimate
partner
- stems from historical and cultural traditions that afford men the right to control women
What is common couple violence? - Answer - likely to be perpetrated by either gender, is
often milder than patriarchal violence, and stems from conflict episodes that spin out of control
what is the difference between intimate terrorism and common couple violence? - Answer -
intimate terrorism is more frequent (on average once per week) and more intense over time;
they do not subside
- intimate terrorism is usually men towards women; whereas common couple is both genders
- common couple violence is less severe and less chance for PTSD
What is the demand-withdraw conflict pattern? How is it related to common couple violence? -
Answer - a conflict interaction pattern where one partner demands change and the other
withdraws from the conflict interaction
- individuals who engage in common couple violence often engage in this pattern
- in heterosexual couples: women is usually demanding, man usually withdraws
- demand withdraw is more present in violent relationships, and men are just as likely to be
demanders as women
How is common couple violence associated with different conflict management tactics (e.g.,
competitive, collaborative, etc.) - Answer Couples who had experienced violence and
aggression were also more likely to use competitive conflicts tacts and less likely to use
collaborative (or avoidant) tactics
What does research say about different types of touch and tipping in restaurants? - Answer -
tipping was higher if the weather was sunny, it was later in the week, and there were more
people in the party
- the shoulder touch (hand on the diner's shoulder for one second) and the fleeting touch
(touch the diners palm for only a second) increased tipping by an equal amount
- touch did not influence perceptions of the pleasantness of the restaurant
