HSC 4551 SURVEY OF HUMAN DISEASES CH. 4-6 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST 2026

HSC 4551 SURVEY OF HUMAN DISEASES CH. 4-6 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS LATEST 2026 What is cancer? cells that have been disrupted by trauma uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body organ disease caused by an unhealthy lifestyle tumors that form in the body - Answers uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body What is the definition of "metastasis"? spread of abnormal, cancerous cells discovery of a tumor on an x-ray identification of a non-cancerous mass removal of cancerous cells - Answers spread of abnormal, cancerous cells What do the cells of a malignant tumor look like under a microscope? there are no distinct cells in a malignant tumor they do not have a uniform appearance they are much smaller than the cells in normal tissue similar to the cells of the surrounding tissue - Answers they do not have a uniform appearance Why is a benign tumor easier to remove than a malignant tumor? it is large and easy to grasp with surgical tools it is encapsulated it has more blood vessels it does not have a covering that separates is from surrounding tissues - Answers it is encapsulated Which describes a benign tumor of an epithelial surface? cyst carcinoma polyp sarcoma - Answers polyp The names of malignant tumors have two parts, a prefix and a suffix. What is the system for choosing these two parts? the prefix names the type of cells that are cancerous and the suffix names the category of drug used to treat them the prefix names the tissue of origin and the suffix describes whether the cancerous cells are epithelial or supporting The prefix names where the cancer is located and the suffix grades its severity The prefix describes the shape of the tumor and the suffix indicates whether or not it has spread - Answers the prefix names the tissue of origin and the suffix describes whether the cancerous cells are epithelial or supporting The most important risk factor for cancer is lifestyle diet environment age - Answers age How is the immune system related to the development of cancer? it repairs abnormal cells it has natural flaws that contribute to the development of cancer it should recognize and eliminate abnormal cells it removes of toxins that may damage cells and cause mutations - Answers it should recognize and eliminate abnormal cells Which of these are sources of ionizing radiation? CT scans chemotherapy microwaves MRIs - Answers CT scans What is the cause of all cancers? mutation of the genes that control cell division and cell death disruption of cell walls leading to an irregular shape smoking and drug use a decrease in oxygen supply to the cancerous area - Answers mutation of the genes that control cell division and cell death How would a malfunction in the oncogene contribute to the development of cancer? failure to signal the appropriate time for cell death failure to alert the immune system to the presence of cancerous cells failure to tell the cells when to divide and when not to divide failure to remove abnormal cells persisting in the tissues - Answers failure to tell the cells when to divide and when not to divide Environmental substances that damage the DNA in cells and cause mutations resulting in cancer are known as carcinogens suppressors apoptosis oncogenes - Answers carcinogens What limits the potential for tumor marker tests to accurately diagnose cancer? tumor markers are sometimes produced by normal cells they must be drawn so frequently that patients often decline complete testing the tests are very expensive and rarely covered by insurance some cancers produce chemicals that break down tumor markers - Answers tumor markers are sometimes produced by normal cells How does a mammogram help to diagnose cancer? it creates an image of developing tumors with sound waves as they bounce off of structures in the breast it detects areas of increased temperature in the breast that may represent cancerous lesions it creates an x-ray photograph of the breast that shows developing tumors it is not a diagnostic procedure, but is done for cancer prevention - Answers it creates an x-ray photograph of the breast that shows developing tumors How might a CT computed tomography scan give a more details about cancerous structures inside of the body than other diagnostic methods? it produces a three-dimensional image it allows the operator to take samples of suspicious tissues it reveals cancerous lesions as white areas small scanners can be placed inside the body - Answers it produces a three-dimensional image What are the advantages of using ultrasonography for viewing potentially cancerous structures inside the body? the images from various angles are combined by a computer the equipment required is very costly and gives patients a sense that they are getting the most up to date care it uses a magnetic field to create detailed images and cross sectional images it does not use radiation, is inexpensive, and easy to use - Answers it does not use radiation, is inexpensive, and easy to use Which type of cancer therapy uses high-energy rays that damage the DNA of cells, interfering with cell division and growth? chemotherapy immunotherapy radiation therapy hormone therapy - Answers radiation therapy What do chemotherapy and radiation therapy have in common? they require implants to be placed in the body they are painful the treatment plans are very disruptive to daily routines they destroy normal cells along with cancerous cells - Answers they destroy normal cells along with cancerous cells How do monoclonal antibodies work to destroy cancer cells? they block the action of hormones they attach to cancer cells and signal the immune system to destroy them they are beamed from a machine aimed at the tumor site to kill the cells in that area they target all rapidly dividing cells - Answers they attach to cancer cells and signal the immune system to destroy them What percentage of worldwide cancer deaths are due to tobacco use occur each year? 75% 22% 12% 56% - Answers 22% How can a person who regularly drinks alcohol reduce their risk of alcohol-related cancers? drinking only on special occasions a maximum of one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men avoiding beverages with a high alcohol content by drinking only beer or wine drinking on weekends only - Answers a maximum of one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men A 51-year-old woman calls her physician's office because she has relatives with cancer and wants to know what type of cancer screenings are available to her. What is likely to be the physician's response? "You will need a pap test and HPV screening, but you're still too young to be at risk for breast or colon cancer." "You will need at least a pap test, an HPV test, a mammogram, and colorectal screening, but I might recommend additional tests after your visit." "You won't need any tests unless you have cancer symptoms." "These things vary with every person, so we will have to take your history and examine you before we can say." - Answers "You will need at least a pap test, an HPV test, a mammogram, and colorectal screening, but I might recommend additional tests after your visit." Which substance is the chemical blueprint that directs all cell activities? adenosine guanine DNA RNA - Answers DNA Which structure does the double helix of DNA most closely resemble? a figure eight a closed circle a spiral staircase ladder - Answers a spiral staircase How many chromosomes are normally contained in each human cell? 48 46 26 pairs 22 pairs - Answers 46 Which term describes alleles that always produce their trait when inherited? heterozygous dominant recessive homozygous - Answers dominant Which category of diseases maybe caused by unique environmental conditions or behaviors that are shared by family members? sex-linked inheritance familial diseases autosomal dominant disorders autosomal recessive disorders - Answers familial diseases Which disease is an autosomal dominant disorder? hemophilia fragile X syndrome familial hypercholesterolemia color blindness - Answers familial hypercholesterolemia What is achondroplasia? - Answers an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT trait for short limb dwarfism; average-sized torso with prominent lower back curvature (lordosis), large head, and a prominent forehead What is PKU? - Answers deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase, meaning phenylalanine cannot convert to tyrosine; can cause mental deficiency What is hemochromatosis? - Answers it is an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE trait; excessive iron absorption and storage, bronze colored skin, diabetes, scarring of liver and heart failure What is Tay Sachs disease? - Answers GENETIC RECESSIVE trait; 20 different enzymes in lysosomes; however, absence of the "Hexose Aminidase A" enzyme; most common in Jewish populations What is cystic fibrosis? - Answers it is an AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE gene; abnormality in transport of sodium chloride across cell membranes What is hemophilia? - Answers it is GENETICALLY DETERMINED bleeding disorder; SEX LINKED trait Which disorder is associated with an abnormal number of chromosomes as opposed to being caused by a defective gene? klinefelter syndrome phenylketonuria albinism tay-sachs - Answers klinefelter syndrome Which disease is also called Down syndrome? galactosemia albinism hemochromatosis trisomy 21 - Answers trisomy 21 What is the prevalence of Down syndrome? approximately 1 in 10,000 approximately 1 in 3,000 approximately 1 in 200 approximately 1 in 800 - Answers approximately 1 in 800 Which characteristic is associated with congenital disorders? they usually result from a failure during embryonic development they are commonly associated with chromosomal abnormalities they may be transmitted from parents to offspring they are caused by the inheritance of one or more defective genes - Answers they usually result from a failure during embryonic development At which stage of pregnancy is amniocentesis typically performed? before the 4th week after the 14th week before the 6th week at the 10th week - Answers after the 14th week Which statement best describes chorionic villus sampling? it provides information about gender samples may be taken between 18 and 20 weeks of pregnancy it requires the removal of amniotic fluid test results are not available until approximately two weeks after the procedure - Answers it provides information about gender The chamber walls of the heart consist of the heart muscle, also known as which structure? endocardium myocardium ventricle atrium - Answers myocardium Which structure acts as the pacemaker of the heart? purkinje fibers sinoatrial node aorta atrioventricular node - Answers sinoatrial node Which blood vessel has the ability to change its diameter to dilate and contract in order to alter blood flow to the tissues? venule aorta capillary arteriole - Answers arteriole What is the primary symptom of peripheral arterial disease? ulcers on the lower extremities intermittent claudication lower leg pulse faint or absent feet are cold to touch - Answers intermittent claudication Raynaud's disease is characterized by which symptoms? headache, dizziness, agitation pain in the muscles of the legs and ulcers cold, numb or tingling fingers