portage microbiology module 5 Exam
Questions and Answers with Verified
Solutions | Latest Updated 2026
universal precautions used for all unknown samples
treat all as pathogenic/hazardous
use of PPE
observation processes for morphoplogical: size and shape
identification motility
differential testing for identification gram stain
chemical reactions
plating on selective or differential plats
pathogenicity ability of microbe to cause disease
virulence ease of pathogen to infect host and cause
disease
degree of pathogenicity
what are used to assist in dichotomous keys
identifying
microorganisms
,5 steps to infection 1. entry
2. attachment
3. invasion
4. evasion
5. exit and transmission
entry pathogen uses portals of entry, mucus
membranes
or parenteral entry, to gain access to host
tissues
attachment the pathogen attaches and binds to
specific tissue
surfaces by using its adhesion factors
invasion the pathogen invades deeper into the
hosts tissues
and secures nutrients for growth and
multiplication
evasion to successfully multiply, the pathogen must
evade
immune system defenses
- hide by entering hosts cells (intracellular
pathogen) or mask its own antigens and
produce
surface molecules similar to the hosts
(antigen
mimicry)
- undermine the hosts immune response
by
avoiding phagocytosis or causing immune
suppression
, exit and transmission of a - use a portal of exit to leave the host and
pathogen be
transmitted to a new host
- direct or indirect
- different transmission precautions
direct pathogen transmission person to person: saliva, touching, sex
animal: bite, touching
environment: swimming and soil
vertical: from mother to child
- in utero (HIV), vaginal delivery, breast
milk
indirect pathogen transmission airborne: respiratory aerosis, windborne,
stirred up
animal droppings
vehicle:foodborne, contaminated needles,
contaminated water
vector (biological): pathogen has part of its
life
cycle. in an insect
- mosquito bite, tick bite, flea bite
vector (mechanical): pathogen hitches a
rid but
doesn't have part of its life cycle in the
vector
- flies, cockroaches
Questions and Answers with Verified
Solutions | Latest Updated 2026
universal precautions used for all unknown samples
treat all as pathogenic/hazardous
use of PPE
observation processes for morphoplogical: size and shape
identification motility
differential testing for identification gram stain
chemical reactions
plating on selective or differential plats
pathogenicity ability of microbe to cause disease
virulence ease of pathogen to infect host and cause
disease
degree of pathogenicity
what are used to assist in dichotomous keys
identifying
microorganisms
,5 steps to infection 1. entry
2. attachment
3. invasion
4. evasion
5. exit and transmission
entry pathogen uses portals of entry, mucus
membranes
or parenteral entry, to gain access to host
tissues
attachment the pathogen attaches and binds to
specific tissue
surfaces by using its adhesion factors
invasion the pathogen invades deeper into the
hosts tissues
and secures nutrients for growth and
multiplication
evasion to successfully multiply, the pathogen must
evade
immune system defenses
- hide by entering hosts cells (intracellular
pathogen) or mask its own antigens and
produce
surface molecules similar to the hosts
(antigen
mimicry)
- undermine the hosts immune response
by
avoiding phagocytosis or causing immune
suppression
, exit and transmission of a - use a portal of exit to leave the host and
pathogen be
transmitted to a new host
- direct or indirect
- different transmission precautions
direct pathogen transmission person to person: saliva, touching, sex
animal: bite, touching
environment: swimming and soil
vertical: from mother to child
- in utero (HIV), vaginal delivery, breast
milk
indirect pathogen transmission airborne: respiratory aerosis, windborne,
stirred up
animal droppings
vehicle:foodborne, contaminated needles,
contaminated water
vector (biological): pathogen has part of its
life
cycle. in an insect
- mosquito bite, tick bite, flea bite
vector (mechanical): pathogen hitches a
rid but
doesn't have part of its life cycle in the
vector
- flies, cockroaches
