PNB 2264 Exam 1 (UConn) And Exam
Updated 2026.
homeostasis - Answer dynamic steady state; small fluctuations around the set point
negative feedback - Answer response returns regulated variable toward set point (response
removes stimulus), closed loop used for homeostasis
positive feedback - Answer response to the effector reinforces the stimulus; promotes useful
change
Properties of water - Answer polar-covalent bond creates sticky molecules, solvent to ionize
compounds (electrolytes), high specific heat, lubrication & cushioning
dehydration synthesis - Answer molecules are put together while losing a water molecule
hydrolysis - Answer breaks a bond in a molecule using water
4 types of tissues - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve
epithelial tissue function - Answer covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms
glands, provide physical barrier, exchange, secretion, absorption
epithelial tissue characteristics - Answer cellularity (junctions) polarity (apical & basal
surfaces) attachment (basal lamina/basement membrane), avascularity (no blood!) regenerative
(quick reproduction)
simple epithelial cells - Answer one layer of cells, best diffusion
stratified epithelial cells - Answer several layers of cells & for protection
3 types of epithelial cells - Answer squamous (flat) cubodial, columnar
Connective Tissue categories - Answer CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone (dentin, blood &
mesenchyme)
,CT Proper - Answer built from fibroblasts, contains fibrocytes
Scurvy - Answer lack of V-C leads to defective collagen synthesis
Loose CT Proper - Answer areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense CT Proper - Answer regular (1 direction), irregular (all directions), elastic
Skin components - Answer Epidermis (epithelial cells) dermis (CT)
Epidermis structure - Answer stratified squamous keratonizing epithelial, avascular
Dermis structure - Answer Outer papillary layer (areolar CT) blood, lympathic, nerve, sweat
glands & Inner reticular layer (dense irregular CT)
Cartilage - Answer built from chondroblasts (produce matrix), contain chondrocytes (in
lacunae); matrix (protein fibers & ground substance- GAG), avascular
Hyaline Cartilage - Answer dense, fine collagen matrix, perichondrium (dense CT membrane
that surrounds HC), strong flexible & smooth, reduces friction in joints & ability to resist stretch
Fibrocartilage - Answer elastic fibers & collagen matrix, resists compression through
hydration
bone tissue components & function - Answer organic (protein) & inorganic (mineral);
support, protection, movement & lever system, storage depot for Ca & P, hemopoiesis
Organic Bone Structure - Answer protein, Osteoid, 1/3 bone mass, collagen
Inorganic Bone Structure - Answer mineral, 2/3 bone mass, precipitate onto bone collagen
Spongy Bone - Answer trabeculae (oriented along stress lines)
Endochondral Ossification - Answer Formation of periosteal bone collar
Formation of the periosteal bud
Bone Formation at primary center of ossifcation
, Mitosis of blast cells at epiphyseal disk
Formation of epiphyseal line
Periosteum - Answer Dense CT
Appositional Bone growth - Answer increase in width by adding layers of circumferential
lamellae
cartilage proliferation of bone growth - Answer occurs on the epiphyseal side (proximal) of
epiphyseal disk
ossification of bone growth - Answer occurs on the diaphyseal side (midbone) of epiphyseal
disk
PTH in Bone metabolism - Answer causes increase in blood Ca by stimulating osteoclasts
Calcitonin in Bone metabolism - Answer lowers blood Ca levels [CaLowers] by lowering
activity of osteoclasts
Osteoporosis - Answer normal in/organic ratio in matrix but less bone density overall,
compression fractures
articulation - Answer meeting place of 2+ bones
ROM - Answer normal extent of joint movement
AB-ADduction - Answer frontal plane movements
Flexion-extension - Answer A-P plane; fingers, elbow, knee, hip
circumduction - Answer make a circle; combo of AB-AD & flex-extension
Rotation - Answer head (ex/internal) & shoulder (lateral/medial)
Pronation-Supination - Answer two radio-ulnar joints
Updated 2026.
homeostasis - Answer dynamic steady state; small fluctuations around the set point
negative feedback - Answer response returns regulated variable toward set point (response
removes stimulus), closed loop used for homeostasis
positive feedback - Answer response to the effector reinforces the stimulus; promotes useful
change
Properties of water - Answer polar-covalent bond creates sticky molecules, solvent to ionize
compounds (electrolytes), high specific heat, lubrication & cushioning
dehydration synthesis - Answer molecules are put together while losing a water molecule
hydrolysis - Answer breaks a bond in a molecule using water
4 types of tissues - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle & nerve
epithelial tissue function - Answer covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, forms
glands, provide physical barrier, exchange, secretion, absorption
epithelial tissue characteristics - Answer cellularity (junctions) polarity (apical & basal
surfaces) attachment (basal lamina/basement membrane), avascularity (no blood!) regenerative
(quick reproduction)
simple epithelial cells - Answer one layer of cells, best diffusion
stratified epithelial cells - Answer several layers of cells & for protection
3 types of epithelial cells - Answer squamous (flat) cubodial, columnar
Connective Tissue categories - Answer CT Proper, Cartilage, Bone (dentin, blood &
mesenchyme)
,CT Proper - Answer built from fibroblasts, contains fibrocytes
Scurvy - Answer lack of V-C leads to defective collagen synthesis
Loose CT Proper - Answer areolar, adipose, reticular
Dense CT Proper - Answer regular (1 direction), irregular (all directions), elastic
Skin components - Answer Epidermis (epithelial cells) dermis (CT)
Epidermis structure - Answer stratified squamous keratonizing epithelial, avascular
Dermis structure - Answer Outer papillary layer (areolar CT) blood, lympathic, nerve, sweat
glands & Inner reticular layer (dense irregular CT)
Cartilage - Answer built from chondroblasts (produce matrix), contain chondrocytes (in
lacunae); matrix (protein fibers & ground substance- GAG), avascular
Hyaline Cartilage - Answer dense, fine collagen matrix, perichondrium (dense CT membrane
that surrounds HC), strong flexible & smooth, reduces friction in joints & ability to resist stretch
Fibrocartilage - Answer elastic fibers & collagen matrix, resists compression through
hydration
bone tissue components & function - Answer organic (protein) & inorganic (mineral);
support, protection, movement & lever system, storage depot for Ca & P, hemopoiesis
Organic Bone Structure - Answer protein, Osteoid, 1/3 bone mass, collagen
Inorganic Bone Structure - Answer mineral, 2/3 bone mass, precipitate onto bone collagen
Spongy Bone - Answer trabeculae (oriented along stress lines)
Endochondral Ossification - Answer Formation of periosteal bone collar
Formation of the periosteal bud
Bone Formation at primary center of ossifcation
, Mitosis of blast cells at epiphyseal disk
Formation of epiphyseal line
Periosteum - Answer Dense CT
Appositional Bone growth - Answer increase in width by adding layers of circumferential
lamellae
cartilage proliferation of bone growth - Answer occurs on the epiphyseal side (proximal) of
epiphyseal disk
ossification of bone growth - Answer occurs on the diaphyseal side (midbone) of epiphyseal
disk
PTH in Bone metabolism - Answer causes increase in blood Ca by stimulating osteoclasts
Calcitonin in Bone metabolism - Answer lowers blood Ca levels [CaLowers] by lowering
activity of osteoclasts
Osteoporosis - Answer normal in/organic ratio in matrix but less bone density overall,
compression fractures
articulation - Answer meeting place of 2+ bones
ROM - Answer normal extent of joint movement
AB-ADduction - Answer frontal plane movements
Flexion-extension - Answer A-P plane; fingers, elbow, knee, hip
circumduction - Answer make a circle; combo of AB-AD & flex-extension
Rotation - Answer head (ex/internal) & shoulder (lateral/medial)
Pronation-Supination - Answer two radio-ulnar joints
