Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified
Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology
for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct -
Galen 2026/2027
75 100% 2026/2027
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Cellular Adaptation & Injury Cardiovascular & Respiratory
Inflammation & Immune Response Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances Acid-Base & Hematologic
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | Cellular Adaptation & Injury | Q1-Q15 | Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027)
Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 2026/2027
Q1 Question 1 of 75
Q1. A 45-year-old male bodybuilder has significantly increased the size of his skeletal muscle fibers
over the past year through resistance training. The muscle cells have increased in size but not in
number. Which cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size without an increase in cell number, as seen in skeletal muscle
adaptation to exercise. Choice A is an increase in cell number, choice C is a decrease in cell size, and
choice D is replacement of one cell type with another.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
Q2. A 30-year-old female experiences enlargement of the endometrial lining during the proliferative
phase of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. The endometrial cells have increased in
number. Which cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number in response to hormonal stimulation, as seen in the endometrial
lining during the menstrual cycle. Choice A is increased cell size, choice C is decreased cell size, and choice
D is disordered cell growth.
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 42
, Q3 Question 3 of 75
Q3. A 65-year-old patient has been immobilized in a cast for 6 weeks following a femur fracture. On
cast removal, the affected leg is noticeably smaller than the other. Which cellular adaptation caused
the decreased muscle mass?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to disuse, reduced stimulation, or inadequate nutrition, as seen in
immobilized muscles. Choices A and B are increases in cell size or number, and choice D is cell type
replacement.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
Q4. A 50-year-old chronic smoker has changes in the bronchial epithelium where the normal ciliated
columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Which cellular adaptation
is occurring?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one adult cell type with another, as when ciliated columnar
epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium in response to smoking. Choice A is disordered
growth, choice C is increased cell size, and choice D is loss of differentiation.
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 42
, Q5 Question 5 of 75
Q5. A 42-year-old female has an abnormal Pap smear showing disordered cell growth with variation
in cell size, shape, and organization in the cervical epithelium. This is a precursor to cancer. Which
cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Dysplasia is abnormal, disordered cell growth with variations in size, shape, and organization that may
progress to cancer if untreated. Choice A is reversible cell replacement, choices C and D are adaptive
responses to stress, and dysplasia is considered pre-neoplastic.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
Q6. A 60-year-old male presents with chest pain and is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction caused
by a blocked coronary artery. The most common cause of cell injury in this case is reduced blood
flow. Which mechanism is responsible for the cell injury?
A. Autoimmune attack
B. Direct chemical toxicity
C. Viral infection
D. Ischemia from reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Ischemia, or reduced blood flow, deprives cells of oxygen and nutrients, leading to ATP depletion and cell
death in conditions such as myocardial infarction. Choices B, C, and D are other causes of cell injury but not
the mechanism in this scenario.
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 42
Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology
for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct -
Galen 2026/2027
75 100% 2026/2027
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Cellular Adaptation & Injury Cardiovascular & Respiratory
Inflammation & Immune Response Neurological & Endocrine Disorders
Fluid & Electrolyte Imbalances Acid-Base & Hematologic
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | Cellular Adaptation & Injury | Q1-Q15 | Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027)
Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 2026/2027
Q1 Question 1 of 75
Q1. A 45-year-old male bodybuilder has significantly increased the size of his skeletal muscle fibers
over the past year through resistance training. The muscle cells have increased in size but not in
number. Which cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Atrophy
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size without an increase in cell number, as seen in skeletal muscle
adaptation to exercise. Choice A is an increase in cell number, choice C is a decrease in cell size, and
choice D is replacement of one cell type with another.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
Q2. A 30-year-old female experiences enlargement of the endometrial lining during the proliferative
phase of the menstrual cycle due to hormonal stimulation. The endometrial cells have increased in
number. Which cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Atrophy
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number in response to hormonal stimulation, as seen in the endometrial
lining during the menstrual cycle. Choice A is increased cell size, choice C is decreased cell size, and choice
D is disordered cell growth.
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 42
, Q3 Question 3 of 75
Q3. A 65-year-old patient has been immobilized in a cast for 6 weeks following a femur fracture. On
cast removal, the affected leg is noticeably smaller than the other. Which cellular adaptation caused
the decreased muscle mass?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Atrophy is a decrease in cell size due to disuse, reduced stimulation, or inadequate nutrition, as seen in
immobilized muscles. Choices A and B are increases in cell size or number, and choice D is cell type
replacement.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
Q4. A 50-year-old chronic smoker has changes in the bronchial epithelium where the normal ciliated
columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium. Which cellular adaptation
is occurring?
A. Dysplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Anaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Metaplasia is the reversible replacement of one adult cell type with another, as when ciliated columnar
epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium in response to smoking. Choice A is disordered
growth, choice C is increased cell size, and choice D is loss of differentiation.
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 42
, Q5 Question 5 of 75
Q5. A 42-year-old female has an abnormal Pap smear showing disordered cell growth with variation
in cell size, shape, and organization in the cervical epithelium. This is a precursor to cancer. Which
cellular adaptation is occurring?
A. Metaplasia
B. Hyperplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Dysplasia is abnormal, disordered cell growth with variations in size, shape, and organization that may
progress to cancer if untreated. Choice A is reversible cell replacement, choices C and D are adaptive
responses to stress, and dysplasia is considered pre-neoplastic.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
Q6. A 60-year-old male presents with chest pain and is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction caused
by a blocked coronary artery. The most common cause of cell injury in this case is reduced blood
flow. Which mechanism is responsible for the cell injury?
A. Autoimmune attack
B. Direct chemical toxicity
C. Viral infection
D. Ischemia from reduced oxygen and nutrient delivery
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Ischemia, or reduced blood flow, deprives cells of oxygen and nutrients, leading to ATP depletion and cell
death in conditions such as myocardial infarction. Choices B, C, and D are other causes of cell injury but not
the mechanism in this scenario.
Exam 2: NSG 3280 / NSG3280 (Latest Update 2026/2027) Pathophysiology for Nurses I | Questions and Verified Answers | Grade A | 100% Correct - Galen 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 42
