PNB 2774 Exam 1 Study Guide
Questions with All Solved Solutions
Graded A+.
principles of anatomy and physiology - Answer the study of biological structure and function
structure vs. function
levels and types of anatomy - Answer gross anatomy: what you can see with the unaided eye,
superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy: requires magnification (10x to 1,000,000x)
cytology: the study of cells
histology: the study of tissues
anatomical positions and directions - Answer right and left
inferior and superior
rostral and caudal
anterior and posterior
ventral and dorsal
medial and lateral
proximal and distal
superficial and deep
right vs left - Answer patient's right or left
inferior vs superior - Answer below vs above
rostral vs caudal - Answer towards the head vs towards the tail
anterior vs posterior - Answer front vs back
ventral vs dorsal - Answer front vs back
medial vs lateral - Answer toward midline vs away from midline
,proximal vs distal - Answer toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of
origin on one of its parts; away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body
part
superficial vs deep - Answer nearer the surface vs farther away from the body surface
coronal - Answer frontal plane; divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse - Answer horizontal plane; divides the body into superior and inferior parts
sagittal - Answer divides the body into right and left parts
meaning and role of homeostatic mechanisms in the body - Answer the tendency of an
organism to maintain a stable internal environment even though the external environment
changes continuously
the body's internal environment is maintained constant to ensure survival and proper biological
functioning of the body's cellular constituents
homeostasis indicates a state and maintenance of balance, in which internal conditions vary
within a narrow range
homeostasis enables the body to survive in diverse environments
parameters and priorities that the body must keep constant - Answer arterial pH
oxygen content
bicarbonate ion level
sodium ion level
calcium ion level
amino acid levels
protein levels
total lipid levels
glucose levels
urea levels
, local control - Answer isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts
locally
reflex control - Answer long-distance signaling, typically involving endocrine (hormonal) or
neural response
components required for a full reflex loop - Answer stimulus
sensor
input signal
integrating center
output signal
target effector
response
stimulus - Answer change in internal environment
sensor - Answer receptor
input - Answer efferent neuron
controller / integrator - Answer change compared to set point
output - Answer hormone / neuron
target effector cells - Answer muscle / gland
response - Answer change corrected
temperature regulation homeostasis response - Answer fever: thermostat in brain increases
set-point for core body temperature during fever (integrator: hypothalamus)
acclimitization to environmental temperature, altitude: increased red blood cell count
heart rate homeostasis response - Answer antagonistic homeostatic control of heart rate
adrenergic nervous system (ANS) input to the heart and its regulators
Questions with All Solved Solutions
Graded A+.
principles of anatomy and physiology - Answer the study of biological structure and function
structure vs. function
levels and types of anatomy - Answer gross anatomy: what you can see with the unaided eye,
superficial and deep structures
microscopic anatomy: requires magnification (10x to 1,000,000x)
cytology: the study of cells
histology: the study of tissues
anatomical positions and directions - Answer right and left
inferior and superior
rostral and caudal
anterior and posterior
ventral and dorsal
medial and lateral
proximal and distal
superficial and deep
right vs left - Answer patient's right or left
inferior vs superior - Answer below vs above
rostral vs caudal - Answer towards the head vs towards the tail
anterior vs posterior - Answer front vs back
ventral vs dorsal - Answer front vs back
medial vs lateral - Answer toward midline vs away from midline
,proximal vs distal - Answer toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of
origin on one of its parts; away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body
part
superficial vs deep - Answer nearer the surface vs farther away from the body surface
coronal - Answer frontal plane; divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse - Answer horizontal plane; divides the body into superior and inferior parts
sagittal - Answer divides the body into right and left parts
meaning and role of homeostatic mechanisms in the body - Answer the tendency of an
organism to maintain a stable internal environment even though the external environment
changes continuously
the body's internal environment is maintained constant to ensure survival and proper biological
functioning of the body's cellular constituents
homeostasis indicates a state and maintenance of balance, in which internal conditions vary
within a narrow range
homeostasis enables the body to survive in diverse environments
parameters and priorities that the body must keep constant - Answer arterial pH
oxygen content
bicarbonate ion level
sodium ion level
calcium ion level
amino acid levels
protein levels
total lipid levels
glucose levels
urea levels
, local control - Answer isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts
locally
reflex control - Answer long-distance signaling, typically involving endocrine (hormonal) or
neural response
components required for a full reflex loop - Answer stimulus
sensor
input signal
integrating center
output signal
target effector
response
stimulus - Answer change in internal environment
sensor - Answer receptor
input - Answer efferent neuron
controller / integrator - Answer change compared to set point
output - Answer hormone / neuron
target effector cells - Answer muscle / gland
response - Answer change corrected
temperature regulation homeostasis response - Answer fever: thermostat in brain increases
set-point for core body temperature during fever (integrator: hypothalamus)
acclimitization to environmental temperature, altitude: increased red blood cell count
heart rate homeostasis response - Answer antagonistic homeostatic control of heart rate
adrenergic nervous system (ANS) input to the heart and its regulators
