NSG 4100 Exam 1 Adult Health Nursing - Renal
Disorders WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ REAL 2026!!!!
Question 1
The nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage renal disease and has developed uremia. Which of the
following signs and symptoms should the nurse identify as associated with uremia?
A. Flank pain
B. Muscle cramps
C. Bruising (ecchymosis)
D. Hypertension
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: C
Rationale:
Option A: Flank pain is typically associated with kidney stones, pyelonephritis, or acute kidney injury, but
is not a classic sign of uremia. Uremia presents with systemic symptoms rather than localized pain.
Option B: Muscle cramps can occur in clients with ESRD, particularly during hemodialysis, but they are
not a specific sign of uremia itself.
Option C: Bruising (ecchymosis) is a classic sign of uremia. Uremia causes platelet dysfunction and
impaired clotting, leading to easy bruising and bleeding tendencies. This is a well-documented
complication of uremic syndrome.
Option D: Hypertension is common in ESRD due to fluid overload and activation of the renin-angiotensin
system, but it is not a specific sign of uremia. The question asks specifically for signs of uremia.
Question 2
Which of the following is a sign of uremia that the nurse should assess for in a client with end-stage
renal disease?
A. Hypotension
B. Pruritus
C. Metallic taste in the mouth
D. Both B and C
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: D
,Rationale:
Option A: Hypotension is not typically associated with uremia. Clients with ESRD more commonly
experience hypertension due to fluid overload and renal dysfunction.
Option B: Pruritus (itching) is a common sign of uremia caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins and
phosphate deposits in the skin. This is a classic uremic symptom.
Option C: Metallic taste in the mouth (dysgeusia) is a characteristic sign of uremia caused by the buildup
of urea and other toxins that affect taste perception.
Option D: This is correct because both pruritus and metallic taste are recognized signs and symptoms of
uremia that nurses should assess for in clients with ESRD.
Question 3
The nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage renal disease and has just returned from receiving
hemodialysis treatment. Which finding requires IMMEDIATE intervention?
A. Pulse rate of 130 (tachycardia)
B. Temperature of 99.4°F
C. Potassium that has dropped from 6.1 to 5.1 mEq/L
D. Hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/dL
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A: A pulse rate of 130 indicates significant tachycardia and requires immediate intervention. This
could indicate hypovolemia, bleeding, cardiac tamponade, or other serious complications post-dialysis.
Tachycardia is the body's compensatory mechanism and needs immediate assessment and intervention.
Option B: A temperature of 99.4°F is slightly elevated but not critically so. While it should be monitored,
it does not require immediate intervention unless accompanied by other signs of infection.
Option C: A potassium drop from 6.1 to 5.1 mEq/L is an expected and desired outcome of hemodialysis.
The normal range for potassium is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L, so 5.1 is close to normal and represents successful
dialysis treatment.
Option D: A hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/dL indicates anemia, which is common in ESRD patients due to
decreased erythropoietin production. However, this is a chronic finding and does not require immediate
intervention.
Question 4
The nurse reviews the laboratory results of a client who just completed hemodialysis. Which finding
indicates that the dialysis was effective?
A. Potassium decreased from 6.5 to 4.8 mEq/L
,B. Hemoglobin increased from 10 to 12 g/dL
C. BUN increased from 40 to 60 mg/dL
D. Creatinine decreased from 8.0 to 7.5 mg/dL
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A: This is correct. Potassium should decrease significantly during hemodialysis. A drop from 6.5
(hyperkalemia) to 4.8 mEq/L (within normal range of 3.5-5.0) indicates effective dialysis treatment.
Option B: Hemodialysis does not immediately increase hemoglobin levels. Anemia in ESRD is treated
with erythropoietin-stimulating agents and iron supplementation, not dialysis.
Option C: An increase in BUN would indicate worsening kidney function or ineffective dialysis. Effective
dialysis should decrease BUN levels.
Option D: While creatinine should decrease with dialysis, a minimal drop from 8.0 to 7.5 mg/dL suggests
inadequate dialysis. A more significant reduction would be expected with effective treatment.
Question 5
The nurse is caring for a client with end-stage renal disease who has developed uremic pericarditis.
Which intervention should the nurse anticipate?
A. Administration of antibiotics
B. Preparation for hemodialysis
C. Administration of anticoagulants
D. Preparation for immediate pericardiocentesis
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: B
Rationale:
Option A: Antibiotics are used for bacterial pericarditis, not uremic pericarditis. Uremic pericarditis is
caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins, not infection.
Option B: This is correct. Uremic pericarditis is treated with intensified hemodialysis to remove the
uremic toxins causing the inflammation. This is the primary treatment for this condition.
Option C: Anticoagulants are contraindicated in pericarditis as they can lead to hemorrhagic pericardial
effusion. This would worsen the condition.
Option D: Pericardiocentesis is reserved for cardiac tamponade, which is a complication of pericarditis. It
is not the first-line treatment for uremic pericarditis itself.
Question 6
, The nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage renal disease. Which of the following findings should
the nurse report IMMEDIATELY to the healthcare provider?
A. Poor appetite
B. Orientation to person and place only
C. Flat neck veins
D. Weak peripheral pulses
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: B
Rationale:
Option A: Poor appetite is a common symptom in ESRD due to uremia and dietary restrictions. While it
should be addressed, it is not an emergency requiring immediate reporting.
Option B: This is correct. Disorientation (only oriented to person and place, not time) indicates altered
mental status, which could signal uremic encephalopathy, severe electrolyte imbalance, or other life-
threatening complications. This requires immediate intervention.
Option C: Flat neck veins may indicate hypovolemia but are not as urgent as altered mental status. This
should be monitored and reported but is not an immediate emergency.
Option D: Weak peripheral pulses can occur with various conditions and should be assessed, but they
are not as critical as altered mental status in terms of immediate reporting.
Question 7
The nurse is caring for a client with end-stage renal disease. The client's potassium level is 6.1 mEq/L.
Which action should the nurse take FIRST?
A. Administer furosemide
B. Administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
C. Review the client's current telemetry level
D. Notify the provider
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: C
Rationale:
Option A: Administering furosemide may help eliminate potassium, but assessment should come before
intervention. Additionally, clients with ESRD may not respond to diuretics.
Option B: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate can be used to lower potassium, but the nurse must first assess
the client's cardiac status before implementing interventions.
Option C: This is correct. The nurse should first assess the client by reviewing telemetry because
hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0 mEq/L) can cause life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias. Elevated potassium
Disorders WITH QUESTIONS AND WELL VERIFIED
ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+ REAL 2026!!!!
Question 1
The nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage renal disease and has developed uremia. Which of the
following signs and symptoms should the nurse identify as associated with uremia?
A. Flank pain
B. Muscle cramps
C. Bruising (ecchymosis)
D. Hypertension
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: C
Rationale:
Option A: Flank pain is typically associated with kidney stones, pyelonephritis, or acute kidney injury, but
is not a classic sign of uremia. Uremia presents with systemic symptoms rather than localized pain.
Option B: Muscle cramps can occur in clients with ESRD, particularly during hemodialysis, but they are
not a specific sign of uremia itself.
Option C: Bruising (ecchymosis) is a classic sign of uremia. Uremia causes platelet dysfunction and
impaired clotting, leading to easy bruising and bleeding tendencies. This is a well-documented
complication of uremic syndrome.
Option D: Hypertension is common in ESRD due to fluid overload and activation of the renin-angiotensin
system, but it is not a specific sign of uremia. The question asks specifically for signs of uremia.
Question 2
Which of the following is a sign of uremia that the nurse should assess for in a client with end-stage
renal disease?
A. Hypotension
B. Pruritus
C. Metallic taste in the mouth
D. Both B and C
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: D
,Rationale:
Option A: Hypotension is not typically associated with uremia. Clients with ESRD more commonly
experience hypertension due to fluid overload and renal dysfunction.
Option B: Pruritus (itching) is a common sign of uremia caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins and
phosphate deposits in the skin. This is a classic uremic symptom.
Option C: Metallic taste in the mouth (dysgeusia) is a characteristic sign of uremia caused by the buildup
of urea and other toxins that affect taste perception.
Option D: This is correct because both pruritus and metallic taste are recognized signs and symptoms of
uremia that nurses should assess for in clients with ESRD.
Question 3
The nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage renal disease and has just returned from receiving
hemodialysis treatment. Which finding requires IMMEDIATE intervention?
A. Pulse rate of 130 (tachycardia)
B. Temperature of 99.4°F
C. Potassium that has dropped from 6.1 to 5.1 mEq/L
D. Hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/dL
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A: A pulse rate of 130 indicates significant tachycardia and requires immediate intervention. This
could indicate hypovolemia, bleeding, cardiac tamponade, or other serious complications post-dialysis.
Tachycardia is the body's compensatory mechanism and needs immediate assessment and intervention.
Option B: A temperature of 99.4°F is slightly elevated but not critically so. While it should be monitored,
it does not require immediate intervention unless accompanied by other signs of infection.
Option C: A potassium drop from 6.1 to 5.1 mEq/L is an expected and desired outcome of hemodialysis.
The normal range for potassium is 3.5-5.0 mEq/L, so 5.1 is close to normal and represents successful
dialysis treatment.
Option D: A hemoglobin level of 10.8 g/dL indicates anemia, which is common in ESRD patients due to
decreased erythropoietin production. However, this is a chronic finding and does not require immediate
intervention.
Question 4
The nurse reviews the laboratory results of a client who just completed hemodialysis. Which finding
indicates that the dialysis was effective?
A. Potassium decreased from 6.5 to 4.8 mEq/L
,B. Hemoglobin increased from 10 to 12 g/dL
C. BUN increased from 40 to 60 mg/dL
D. Creatinine decreased from 8.0 to 7.5 mg/dL
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: A
Rationale:
Option A: This is correct. Potassium should decrease significantly during hemodialysis. A drop from 6.5
(hyperkalemia) to 4.8 mEq/L (within normal range of 3.5-5.0) indicates effective dialysis treatment.
Option B: Hemodialysis does not immediately increase hemoglobin levels. Anemia in ESRD is treated
with erythropoietin-stimulating agents and iron supplementation, not dialysis.
Option C: An increase in BUN would indicate worsening kidney function or ineffective dialysis. Effective
dialysis should decrease BUN levels.
Option D: While creatinine should decrease with dialysis, a minimal drop from 8.0 to 7.5 mg/dL suggests
inadequate dialysis. A more significant reduction would be expected with effective treatment.
Question 5
The nurse is caring for a client with end-stage renal disease who has developed uremic pericarditis.
Which intervention should the nurse anticipate?
A. Administration of antibiotics
B. Preparation for hemodialysis
C. Administration of anticoagulants
D. Preparation for immediate pericardiocentesis
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: B
Rationale:
Option A: Antibiotics are used for bacterial pericarditis, not uremic pericarditis. Uremic pericarditis is
caused by the accumulation of uremic toxins, not infection.
Option B: This is correct. Uremic pericarditis is treated with intensified hemodialysis to remove the
uremic toxins causing the inflammation. This is the primary treatment for this condition.
Option C: Anticoagulants are contraindicated in pericarditis as they can lead to hemorrhagic pericardial
effusion. This would worsen the condition.
Option D: Pericardiocentesis is reserved for cardiac tamponade, which is a complication of pericarditis. It
is not the first-line treatment for uremic pericarditis itself.
Question 6
, The nurse is caring for a client who has end-stage renal disease. Which of the following findings should
the nurse report IMMEDIATELY to the healthcare provider?
A. Poor appetite
B. Orientation to person and place only
C. Flat neck veins
D. Weak peripheral pulses
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: B
Rationale:
Option A: Poor appetite is a common symptom in ESRD due to uremia and dietary restrictions. While it
should be addressed, it is not an emergency requiring immediate reporting.
Option B: This is correct. Disorientation (only oriented to person and place, not time) indicates altered
mental status, which could signal uremic encephalopathy, severe electrolyte imbalance, or other life-
threatening complications. This requires immediate intervention.
Option C: Flat neck veins may indicate hypovolemia but are not as urgent as altered mental status. This
should be monitored and reported but is not an immediate emergency.
Option D: Weak peripheral pulses can occur with various conditions and should be assessed, but they
are not as critical as altered mental status in terms of immediate reporting.
Question 7
The nurse is caring for a client with end-stage renal disease. The client's potassium level is 6.1 mEq/L.
Which action should the nurse take FIRST?
A. Administer furosemide
B. Administer sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
C. Review the client's current telemetry level
D. Notify the provider
Correct ANSWER✨✨✔-: C
Rationale:
Option A: Administering furosemide may help eliminate potassium, but assessment should come before
intervention. Additionally, clients with ESRD may not respond to diuretics.
Option B: Sodium polystyrene sulfonate can be used to lower potassium, but the nurse must first assess
the client's cardiac status before implementing interventions.
Option C: This is correct. The nurse should first assess the client by reviewing telemetry because
hyperkalemia (K+ > 5.0 mEq/L) can cause life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias. Elevated potassium
