BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 6 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown ...
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy &
Physiology II w/Lab | Module 6
Exam Review - Summary |
LockDown Browser | Portage
Official Exam Edition 2026/2027
75 100% 2026/2027
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Urinary System Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
Kidney Anatomy & Function Urinary System Disorders
Urine Formation & Regulation
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | Urinary System | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 6 Exam ...
Q1 Question 1 of 75
A 22-year-old nursing student is studying the urinary system and learns that the kidneys perform multiple
homeostatic functions beyond waste excretion. In addition to filtering metabolic waste from the blood, the
kidneys directly regulate which physiological parameter through hormonal mechanisms?
A. Blood pressure through renin secretion
B. Core body temperature through sweating
C. Heart rate through vagal stimulation
D. Respiratory rate through chemoreceptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
The kidneys regulate blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by secreting renin
from juxtaglomerular cells in response to low blood pressure or low sodium. Temperature, heart rate, and
respiratory rate are regulated by the integumentary, autonomic nervous, and respiratory systems
respectively, not the kidneys.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
A patient admitted for renal imaging asks the nurse which organs make up the urinary system. The nurse
accurately describes the urinary system as consisting of which set of structures?
A. Two kidneys, one ureter, one bladder, one urethra
B. Two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, one urethra
C. Two kidneys, two ureters, two bladders, one urethra
D. One kidney, two ureters, one bladder, two urethras
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
The urinary system consists of two kidneys (urine production), two ureters (urine transport), one urinary
bladder (urine storage), and one urethra (urine elimination). Each kidney has its own ureter draining into
the single bladder, and a single urethra carries urine out of the body.
BIOL 252 Human A&P II Module 6 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 42
,Q3 Question 3 of 75
A clinical instructor asks a student nurse to identify the primary nitrogenous waste product excreted by
the kidneys in a healthy adult on a normal protein diet. The student correctly identifies which substance
as the main nitrogenous waste in urine?
A. Uric acid, produced in the spleen from purines
B. Creatinine, produced in the muscles from creatine phosphate
C. Urea, produced in the liver from ammonia
D. Ammonia, produced directly in the kidney tubules
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Urea is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine, produced in the liver through the urea cycle from
ammonia generated during protein metabolism. Uric acid comes from purine metabolism, creatinine from
muscle creatine breakdown, and ammonia is converted to urea in the liver rather than excreted directly in
significant amounts.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
A 45-year-old female undergoing a renal ultrasound is told her kidneys are normally protected by three
layers of connective tissue. The nurse explains that the innermost layer directly adhering to the kidney
surface is which structure?
A. Renal fascia, an outer layer of connective tissue
B. Perirenal fat, a cushioning adipose layer
C. Pararenal fat, the outermost fat layer
D. Renal capsule, a dense fibrous connective tissue layer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
The renal capsule is the innermost layer, a thin dense fibrous connective tissue that directly adheres to the
kidney surface and maintains its shape. Moving outward are the perirenal fat (adipose cushion) and the
renal fascia (anchoring connective tissue). Pararenal fat lies outside the renal fascia.
BIOL 252 Human A&P II Module 6 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 42
, Q5 Question 5 of 75
During a nephrectomy, the surgeon identifies structures entering and exiting the kidney at the hilum. The
nurse assisting in the procedure recognizes that the renal hilum transmits which combination of
structures?
A. Renal artery, renal vein, and ureter
B. Renal artery, renal vein, and renal nerve plexus only
C. Aorta, vena cava, and ureter
D. Renal pelvis, urethra, and renal artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
The renal hilum is a medial indentation through which the renal artery enters, the renal vein exits, and the
ureter exits to carry urine to the bladder. The renal nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels also pass through,
but the aorta and vena cava remain in the abdominal cavity and the urethra is not part of the kidney.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
A histology slide shows the functional unit of the kidney, which a student identifies as the nephron. The
instructor asks approximately how many nephrons are present in each kidney of a healthy adult. The
student correctly states which number?
A. Approximately 100,000 nephrons per kidney
B. Approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney
C. Approximately 10 million nephrons per kidney
D. Approximately 100 million nephrons per kidney
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units responsible for filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion. Nephrons cannot regenerate after significant damage, so loss of nephrons
through injury or disease progressively reduces renal function over time.
BIOL 252 Human A&P II Module 6 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 42
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy &
Physiology II w/Lab | Module 6
Exam Review - Summary |
LockDown Browser | Portage
Official Exam Edition 2026/2027
75 100% 2026/2027
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Urinary System Fluid & Electrolyte Balance
Kidney Anatomy & Function Urinary System Disorders
Urine Formation & Regulation
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | Urinary System | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 6 Exam ...
Q1 Question 1 of 75
A 22-year-old nursing student is studying the urinary system and learns that the kidneys perform multiple
homeostatic functions beyond waste excretion. In addition to filtering metabolic waste from the blood, the
kidneys directly regulate which physiological parameter through hormonal mechanisms?
A. Blood pressure through renin secretion
B. Core body temperature through sweating
C. Heart rate through vagal stimulation
D. Respiratory rate through chemoreceptors
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
The kidneys regulate blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by secreting renin
from juxtaglomerular cells in response to low blood pressure or low sodium. Temperature, heart rate, and
respiratory rate are regulated by the integumentary, autonomic nervous, and respiratory systems
respectively, not the kidneys.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
A patient admitted for renal imaging asks the nurse which organs make up the urinary system. The nurse
accurately describes the urinary system as consisting of which set of structures?
A. Two kidneys, one ureter, one bladder, one urethra
B. Two kidneys, two ureters, one urinary bladder, one urethra
C. Two kidneys, two ureters, two bladders, one urethra
D. One kidney, two ureters, one bladder, two urethras
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
The urinary system consists of two kidneys (urine production), two ureters (urine transport), one urinary
bladder (urine storage), and one urethra (urine elimination). Each kidney has its own ureter draining into
the single bladder, and a single urethra carries urine out of the body.
BIOL 252 Human A&P II Module 6 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 42
,Q3 Question 3 of 75
A clinical instructor asks a student nurse to identify the primary nitrogenous waste product excreted by
the kidneys in a healthy adult on a normal protein diet. The student correctly identifies which substance
as the main nitrogenous waste in urine?
A. Uric acid, produced in the spleen from purines
B. Creatinine, produced in the muscles from creatine phosphate
C. Urea, produced in the liver from ammonia
D. Ammonia, produced directly in the kidney tubules
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Urea is the most abundant nitrogenous waste in urine, produced in the liver through the urea cycle from
ammonia generated during protein metabolism. Uric acid comes from purine metabolism, creatinine from
muscle creatine breakdown, and ammonia is converted to urea in the liver rather than excreted directly in
significant amounts.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
A 45-year-old female undergoing a renal ultrasound is told her kidneys are normally protected by three
layers of connective tissue. The nurse explains that the innermost layer directly adhering to the kidney
surface is which structure?
A. Renal fascia, an outer layer of connective tissue
B. Perirenal fat, a cushioning adipose layer
C. Pararenal fat, the outermost fat layer
D. Renal capsule, a dense fibrous connective tissue layer
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
The renal capsule is the innermost layer, a thin dense fibrous connective tissue that directly adheres to the
kidney surface and maintains its shape. Moving outward are the perirenal fat (adipose cushion) and the
renal fascia (anchoring connective tissue). Pararenal fat lies outside the renal fascia.
BIOL 252 Human A&P II Module 6 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 42
, Q5 Question 5 of 75
During a nephrectomy, the surgeon identifies structures entering and exiting the kidney at the hilum. The
nurse assisting in the procedure recognizes that the renal hilum transmits which combination of
structures?
A. Renal artery, renal vein, and ureter
B. Renal artery, renal vein, and renal nerve plexus only
C. Aorta, vena cava, and ureter
D. Renal pelvis, urethra, and renal artery
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
The renal hilum is a medial indentation through which the renal artery enters, the renal vein exits, and the
ureter exits to carry urine to the bladder. The renal nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels also pass through,
but the aorta and vena cava remain in the abdominal cavity and the urethra is not part of the kidney.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
A histology slide shows the functional unit of the kidney, which a student identifies as the nephron. The
instructor asks approximately how many nephrons are present in each kidney of a healthy adult. The
student correctly states which number?
A. Approximately 100,000 nephrons per kidney
B. Approximately 1 million nephrons per kidney
C. Approximately 10 million nephrons per kidney
D. Approximately 100 million nephrons per kidney
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units responsible for filtration,
reabsorption, and secretion. Nephrons cannot regenerate after significant damage, so loss of nephrons
through injury or disease progressively reduces renal function over time.
BIOL 252 Human A&P II Module 6 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 42
