PC707-module 4-Cardiac Exam Questions
and Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
What is BP? -Peripheral vascular resistance X Cardiac
Output
What is Cardiac output? -Stroke volume X Heart rate
What is something important to -screen for orthostatic hypotension
screen for in the elderly in relation
to
blood pressure?
Blood pressure stages: -Normal <120/<80
-Elevated 120-129/80-89
-Stage 1 130-139/80-89
-Stage 2 >140/>90
When do we treat high blood -Depends on a variety of risk factors.
pressure? Are medications the -Initiate medications sooner if high
only cardiovascular
treatment option? risk
-Lifestyle modifications are extremely
important to
remember first* (DASH diet, exercise,
limiting
alcohol, weight loss if appropriate, stress
management)
,What are the available drugs for -Diuretics (Thiazides or Loops)
treating HTN after lifestyle -ACE inhibitors
modifications? -ARBs
-Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
-Aldosterone receptor antagonists
(Potassium
sparing diuretic)
-Alpha-1 Blockers/Antagonists
-Beta Adrenergic Blockers
-Vasodilators
How do thiazide diuretics work? -promotes sodium & water excretion by
inhibiting
sodium reabsorption
-potassium loss*
-weak diuretic effect
-mostly used as an "add on" drug
-used for HTN & volume overload
-Ex: Chlorthalidone is preferred in this
class due to
long half-life & proven to decreased CVD
risk*
--thiazides work very well in African
Americans*
,Side effects & contraindications for S/E--> hyperglycemia (careful with DM),
thiazides? hyperuricemia (careful with gout),
hypertriglyceridemia & hypercholesteremia
(monitor lipid levels), HYPOkalemia
(increased risk
for cardiac arrhythmias), hyponatremia,
erectile
dysfunction
Contraindications-->sulfa allergies
(contains sulfa),
significant renal impairement (anuria), and
pre-
existing hypokalemia*
What are potential benefit to -may help protect women against post-
women menopausal osteoporosis because it can
using thiazide diuretics other than be
intended use? calcium sparing*
How do ACE inhibitors work? -ACE is an enzyme needed to convert
angiotensin
1 to angiotensin 2
-ACE inhibitors block this conversion
-Angiotensin 2 is a POTENT
vasoconstrictor--so
blocking this helps with vasodilation
-Angiotensin 2 also stimulates the release
of
Aldosterone (which causes sodium &
water
reabsorption and potassium loss)
-Blocking Aldosterone--causes sodium and
water
excretion and potassium absorption*
, What is bradykinin? What is its -Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator
role in that causes
causing a particular side effect in vasodilation, cough, and potential
ACE inhibitors? angioedema
-ACE decreases bradykinin levels
-So when ACE is inhibited--bradykinin
levels can
RISE--therefore causing the unwanted
side effects
of dry, hacky cough & the risk for
angioedema
Side effects of ACE inhibitors? -dry hacky non productive NEW cough*
-HYPERkalemia*
-potential for kidney deterioration
-angioedema* (increased risk in women
and
African Americans)
-->monitor renal function, blood pressure,
&
potassium levels
Drug of choice for people with -ACE inhibitors
HTN -ARBs as an alternative option*
& Diabetes mellitus?
Indications for ACE inhibitors? -HTN
-Post-MI
-Heart failure
and Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
What is BP? -Peripheral vascular resistance X Cardiac
Output
What is Cardiac output? -Stroke volume X Heart rate
What is something important to -screen for orthostatic hypotension
screen for in the elderly in relation
to
blood pressure?
Blood pressure stages: -Normal <120/<80
-Elevated 120-129/80-89
-Stage 1 130-139/80-89
-Stage 2 >140/>90
When do we treat high blood -Depends on a variety of risk factors.
pressure? Are medications the -Initiate medications sooner if high
only cardiovascular
treatment option? risk
-Lifestyle modifications are extremely
important to
remember first* (DASH diet, exercise,
limiting
alcohol, weight loss if appropriate, stress
management)
,What are the available drugs for -Diuretics (Thiazides or Loops)
treating HTN after lifestyle -ACE inhibitors
modifications? -ARBs
-Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
-Aldosterone receptor antagonists
(Potassium
sparing diuretic)
-Alpha-1 Blockers/Antagonists
-Beta Adrenergic Blockers
-Vasodilators
How do thiazide diuretics work? -promotes sodium & water excretion by
inhibiting
sodium reabsorption
-potassium loss*
-weak diuretic effect
-mostly used as an "add on" drug
-used for HTN & volume overload
-Ex: Chlorthalidone is preferred in this
class due to
long half-life & proven to decreased CVD
risk*
--thiazides work very well in African
Americans*
,Side effects & contraindications for S/E--> hyperglycemia (careful with DM),
thiazides? hyperuricemia (careful with gout),
hypertriglyceridemia & hypercholesteremia
(monitor lipid levels), HYPOkalemia
(increased risk
for cardiac arrhythmias), hyponatremia,
erectile
dysfunction
Contraindications-->sulfa allergies
(contains sulfa),
significant renal impairement (anuria), and
pre-
existing hypokalemia*
What are potential benefit to -may help protect women against post-
women menopausal osteoporosis because it can
using thiazide diuretics other than be
intended use? calcium sparing*
How do ACE inhibitors work? -ACE is an enzyme needed to convert
angiotensin
1 to angiotensin 2
-ACE inhibitors block this conversion
-Angiotensin 2 is a POTENT
vasoconstrictor--so
blocking this helps with vasodilation
-Angiotensin 2 also stimulates the release
of
Aldosterone (which causes sodium &
water
reabsorption and potassium loss)
-Blocking Aldosterone--causes sodium and
water
excretion and potassium absorption*
, What is bradykinin? What is its -Bradykinin is an inflammatory mediator
role in that causes
causing a particular side effect in vasodilation, cough, and potential
ACE inhibitors? angioedema
-ACE decreases bradykinin levels
-So when ACE is inhibited--bradykinin
levels can
RISE--therefore causing the unwanted
side effects
of dry, hacky cough & the risk for
angioedema
Side effects of ACE inhibitors? -dry hacky non productive NEW cough*
-HYPERkalemia*
-potential for kidney deterioration
-angioedema* (increased risk in women
and
African Americans)
-->monitor renal function, blood pressure,
&
potassium levels
Drug of choice for people with -ACE inhibitors
HTN -ARBs as an alternative option*
& Diabetes mellitus?
Indications for ACE inhibitors? -HTN
-Post-MI
-Heart failure
