Questions and Answers
Updated 2026
PharmacologyB-
BAnswerBtheBstudyBofBdrugsBandBtheirBstructure,BtargetsBofBaction,BmechanismsBofBact
ionB(MOA),BdistributionB(howBtheBbodyBdisbursesBthemBthroughoutBtheBbody),Bdesired
BphysiologicBeffectsB(efficacy)BandBundesirableBsideBeffectsB(toxicity).
PharmacokineticsB-BAnswerB(absorption,Bdistribution,BmetabolismBandBelimination
AbsorptionB-
BAnswerBabsorptionBfromBtheBadministrationBsiteBeitherBdirectlyBorBindirectlyBintoBtheB
blood/plasma.
DistributionB-
BAnswerBreversibly/irreversiblyBmovementBofBdrugBfromBtheBbloodstreamBintoBtheBinter
stitialBandBintracellularBfluid.
MetabolismB-
BAnswerBdrugBbiotransformationBviaBmetabolicBpathways,BprimarilyBtheBliver,BorBbyBoth
erBtissues.
EliminationB-
BAnswerBhowBparentBdrugB&BitsBmetabolitesBareBeliminatedBfromBtheBbody
FactorsBaffectingBabsorptionB-BAnswerB·BGastrointestinalBpHBchanges
·BGastricBemptying
·BGastric/intestinalBenzymes
·BBileBacidsB&BbiliaryBfunction
, ·BGastrointestinalBfloraB(typeBandBquantityBofBbacteria)
·BFoodB&BnutrientBinteractionsB(mostBcommonBinteractionBinfluencingBGIBdrugBabsorpti
on)
·BLipidBsolubilityBofBtheBdrug
FactorsBaffectingBdistributionB-
BAnswerB·BMembraneBpermeability:BCrossBmembranesBtoBsiteBofBaction
·BBloodBbrainBbarrierBreducesBtheBspeedBofBdrugBpassageBintoBandBoutBofBbrainBtissu
e
·BPlasmaBproteinBbinding:BdrugsBboundBtoBplasmaBproteinsBdoBnotBcrossBmembranesB(
Note:BMalnutritionB=BâalbuminB=BáBfreeBdrugB=BgreaterBpharmacologicBresponse)
·BAgingBcauseBaBreductionBinBproductionBofBplasmaBproteins
·BLipophilicityBofBdrug:BlipophilicBdrugsBconcentrateBinBadiposeBtissue;BremainBinBtheBb
odyBforBaBlongerBperiodBofBtime
FactorsBaffectingBmetabolismB-
BAnswerBoBDrugsBcanBundergoBmetabolismBinBtheBlungs,Bblood,Bliver,BintestinesBandBki
dney
oBVolatileBdrugsBareBprimarilyBexcretedBbyBtheBlungs
·BTheBbodyBchangesBdrugsBtoBmoreBorBlessBactiveBformsB(metabolites),BincreasesBwate
rBsolubilityBtoBincreaseBelimination.
FactorsBaffectingBexcretionB-
BAnswerBEliminationBofBdrugsBmostBoftenBinvolvesBrenalBfunctionB(renalBbloodBflow,Bcr
eatinineBclearanceB[CrCl]).
·BLinearB=BRateBofBeliminationBisBproportionalBtoBamountBofBdrugBpresent.
·BDosageBincreasesBresultBinBproportionalBincreaseBinBplasmaBdrugBlevels.
·BUnbindingBofBnonvolatileBdrugsBfromBplasmaBproteinBbindingBsites
·BVolatileBdrugsBareBexcretedBbyBtheBlungs