OPOTA SPO'S EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
The relationship between an SPO and a test question is, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The test question must respond directly to the SPO and for every SPO there is a
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
test question. zx
The ultimate reason for law enforcement training is - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• To be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The term role is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Characteristics and expected social behavior of an individual.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Those behaviors typically performed by an individual in a particular situation or oc
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
cupation.
Occupational Roles are defined as, - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Behavior performed in the course of perusing one's job or vocation.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
- Role Conflict occurs when, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The officer perceives a clash between competing perceptions, values, and standa
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
rds when deciding what behavior is appropriate.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
The term Stress is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• A state of physical or Psychological arousal.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The wear and tear on the body.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A Critical Incident is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• A Specific event which causes unusually strong emotional reaction and which has
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
the potential to interfere with the ability to function either at the scene or later.
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The Four (4) categories of stress are, - ANSWERS-1. Cognitive
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Physical
zx
3. Emotional
zx
4. Behavioral
zx
Initial Intervention Techniques are, - ANSWERS-1. Physical Exercises
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Structured Time
zx zx
3. Talk to Friends and Family
zx zx zx zx zx
4. Eat Healthy Foods
zx zx zx
5. Don't Make Life Changes
zx zx zx zx
- The ten (10) Community Policing Philosophies are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Community policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that allo
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ws the police and community residents to work closely together in a new way to sol
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ve the problems of crime, fear of crime, physical and social disorder, and neighborh
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ood decay. zx
,2. Community policing organizational strategy first demands that everyone in the de
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
partment, including both civilian and sworn personal, must investigate ways to trans
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
late the philosophy into practice.
zx zx zx zx
3. To implement true community policing, Police departments must also create and
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
develop a new breed of line officer, the Community Policing Officer (CPO), who act
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
s as the direct link between the police and the community.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
4. The CPO's broad role demands continuous, sustained contact with the law-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
abiding people in the community, so that together they can explore creative new so
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
lutions to local concerns involving crime, fear of crime; disorder and decay, with pri
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
vate citizens serving as unpaid volunteers.
zx zx zx zx zx
5. Community policing implies a new contract between the police and the citizens it
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
serves, one that offers the hope of overcoming widespread apathy, at the same tim
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e it restrains any impulse to vigilantism.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
6. Community policing adds a vital pro-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
active element to the reactive role of police, resulting in full-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
spectrum police services. zx zx
7. Community policing stresses exploring new ways to enhance and protect the live
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
s of those who are most vulnerable-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
juveniles, elderly, minorities, the poor, the disabled, the homeless.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
8. Community policing promotes the judicious use of technology, but also rests on t
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
he belief that nothing surpasses what dedicated human beings, talking and working
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
together, can achieve.
x zx zx
9. Community policing must be a fully integrated approach that involves everyone i
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
n the department, with the CPO's as specialists in bridging the gaps between
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Seven (7) Traditional criteria of a profession are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. A specific body of knowledge.
zx zx zx zx zx
2. Extensive preparation through professional education, training.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. A code of ethics.
zx zx zx zx
4. Licensing, regulations by boards and councils.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
5. Commitment and obligation to clientele.
zx zx zx zx zx
6. Relative professional autonomy.
zx zx zx
7. Public acknowledgement of status.
zx zx zx zx
Federalism is defined as, - ANSWERS-• A dual system of government.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Due Process of law is defined as - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The process of assuring fundamental fairness in the application of criminal justice.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Probable Cause is defined as - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The fact and circumstances which would lead a reasonable person to believe that
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
a condition exists that justifies the action to be taken.
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
,Proof beyond a Reasonable doubt is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The accused's guilt must be established to the point that the facts proven must, b
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
y virtue of probative force, establish guilt.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
Preponderance of Evidence is defined as, - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Where there is more likelihood of an event than there is doubt.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Factual Guilt plus Legal Guilt is described as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The accused did in fact commit the crime or act in question, or there is substantia
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
l evidence of proof beyond a reasonable doubt the accused did so.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The three (3) components of legal guilt are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Was the accused properly treated in being brought to justice?
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Was he/she given his/her procedural rights?
zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. Was due process adhered to?
zx zx zx zx zx
How does the Crime Control Perspective contrast with the Due Process perspectiv
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e? - ANSWERS-• Crime Control-
zx zx zx zx
The focus is on factual guilt and speedy process of the accused tends view the off
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ender as guilty until proven innocent. Nicknamed "assembly line justice".
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Due Process-
zx zx
The accused is afforded the proper constitutional and civil rights with emphasis pla
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ces on following proper procedures. Nicknamed "obstacle course justice" because
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
of the number of technicalities built into the system.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
- Civil Rights are defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The rights and privileges afforded all persons in society by the legislative acts of
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Congress, State, and Local Ordinances. zx zx zx zx
Section 42 USC 1983 is, - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or u
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
sage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction th
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ere of to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Con
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
stitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equi
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ty, or other proper proceeding for redress.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
The Criminal Justice System is, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The formal system established by the United States for maintaining social control
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
and handling criminal conduct.
zx zx zx
The four (4) components of the Criminal Justice System are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Law Enforcement.
zx zx
2. Prosecution and Defense.
zx zx zx
3. Judiciary.
zx
4. Corrections.
zx
Courts of Ohio are, - ANSWERS-• Supreme Court of Ohio.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Court of Appeals.
zx zx zx
• Common Pleas Court.
zx zx zx
, • County Court.
zx zx
• Municipal Court.
zx zx
• Mayor Court.
zx zx
• Court of Claims.
zx zx zx
- The five (5) matters over which the Ohio Supreme Court has jurisdiction in are, -
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ANSWERS-1. Quo Warranto.
zx zx zx
2. Madamus.
zx
3. Habeas Corpus.
zx zx
4. Prohibition.
zx
5. Precedents.
zx
Offenses are divided into two (2) classes, - ANSWERS-1. Felony.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Misdemeanor.
zx
A Felony is anything defined by law as a Felony. - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A Felony is anything defined by law as a Felony.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A Misdemeanor is anything defined by law as a Misdemeanor. - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A Misdemeanor is anything defined by law as a Misdemeanor.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The two (2) Purposes of Felony sentencing are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Protect the public from future crime by offender and others.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Punish the offender.
zx zx zx
The four (4) needs a court is required to consider when imposing a Felony sentenc
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e are, - ANSWERS-1. The need for incapacitating the offender.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. The need for deterring the offender and others from future crime.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. Rehabilitating the offender.
zx zx zx
4. Make restitution to the victim of the offense, the public, or both.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The three (3) requirements which must be satisfied by a Felony sentence imposed
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
by the court are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx
1. Reasonably calculated to achieve the consideration of the Court.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Must be commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the offend
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ers conduct and its impact on the victim.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. Must be consistent with sentences imposed for similar crimes committed by othe
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
r offenders with similar circumstances.
zx zx zx zx
-
The eleven (11) sequential steps necessary to process an adult Felon through the
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Criminal Justice System, - ANSWERS-1. Investigation.
zx zx zx zx zx
2. Arrest.zx
3. Booking.
zx
4. Initial Appearance.
zx zx
5. Pre-luminary Hearing.
zx zx
6. Grand Jury.
zx zx
7. Arraignment.
zx
8. Pre-trial Motions and Hearings.
zx zx zx zx
9. Trial. zx
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
The relationship between an SPO and a test question is, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The test question must respond directly to the SPO and for every SPO there is a
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
test question. zx
The ultimate reason for law enforcement training is - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• To be able to protect the life and property of yourself and the public.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The term role is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Characteristics and expected social behavior of an individual.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Those behaviors typically performed by an individual in a particular situation or oc
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
cupation.
Occupational Roles are defined as, - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Behavior performed in the course of perusing one's job or vocation.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
- Role Conflict occurs when, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The officer perceives a clash between competing perceptions, values, and standa
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
rds when deciding what behavior is appropriate.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
The term Stress is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• A state of physical or Psychological arousal.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The wear and tear on the body.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
A Critical Incident is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• A Specific event which causes unusually strong emotional reaction and which has
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
the potential to interfere with the ability to function either at the scene or later.
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The Four (4) categories of stress are, - ANSWERS-1. Cognitive
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Physical
zx
3. Emotional
zx
4. Behavioral
zx
Initial Intervention Techniques are, - ANSWERS-1. Physical Exercises
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Structured Time
zx zx
3. Talk to Friends and Family
zx zx zx zx zx
4. Eat Healthy Foods
zx zx zx
5. Don't Make Life Changes
zx zx zx zx
- The ten (10) Community Policing Philosophies are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Community policing is both a philosophy and an organizational strategy that allo
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ws the police and community residents to work closely together in a new way to sol
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ve the problems of crime, fear of crime, physical and social disorder, and neighborh
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ood decay. zx
,2. Community policing organizational strategy first demands that everyone in the de
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
partment, including both civilian and sworn personal, must investigate ways to trans
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
late the philosophy into practice.
zx zx zx zx
3. To implement true community policing, Police departments must also create and
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
develop a new breed of line officer, the Community Policing Officer (CPO), who act
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
s as the direct link between the police and the community.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
4. The CPO's broad role demands continuous, sustained contact with the law-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
abiding people in the community, so that together they can explore creative new so
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
lutions to local concerns involving crime, fear of crime; disorder and decay, with pri
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
vate citizens serving as unpaid volunteers.
zx zx zx zx zx
5. Community policing implies a new contract between the police and the citizens it
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
serves, one that offers the hope of overcoming widespread apathy, at the same tim
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e it restrains any impulse to vigilantism.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
6. Community policing adds a vital pro-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
active element to the reactive role of police, resulting in full-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
spectrum police services. zx zx
7. Community policing stresses exploring new ways to enhance and protect the live
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
s of those who are most vulnerable-
zx zx zx zx zx zx
juveniles, elderly, minorities, the poor, the disabled, the homeless.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
8. Community policing promotes the judicious use of technology, but also rests on t
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
he belief that nothing surpasses what dedicated human beings, talking and working
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
together, can achieve.
x zx zx
9. Community policing must be a fully integrated approach that involves everyone i
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
n the department, with the CPO's as specialists in bridging the gaps between
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Seven (7) Traditional criteria of a profession are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. A specific body of knowledge.
zx zx zx zx zx
2. Extensive preparation through professional education, training.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. A code of ethics.
zx zx zx zx
4. Licensing, regulations by boards and councils.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
5. Commitment and obligation to clientele.
zx zx zx zx zx
6. Relative professional autonomy.
zx zx zx
7. Public acknowledgement of status.
zx zx zx zx
Federalism is defined as, - ANSWERS-• A dual system of government.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Due Process of law is defined as - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The process of assuring fundamental fairness in the application of criminal justice.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Probable Cause is defined as - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The fact and circumstances which would lead a reasonable person to believe that
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx z
a condition exists that justifies the action to be taken.
x zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
,Proof beyond a Reasonable doubt is defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The accused's guilt must be established to the point that the facts proven must, b
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
y virtue of probative force, establish guilt.
zx zx zx zx zx zx
Preponderance of Evidence is defined as, - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Where there is more likelihood of an event than there is doubt.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Factual Guilt plus Legal Guilt is described as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The accused did in fact commit the crime or act in question, or there is substantia
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
l evidence of proof beyond a reasonable doubt the accused did so.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
The three (3) components of legal guilt are, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
1. Was the accused properly treated in being brought to justice?
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
2. Was he/she given his/her procedural rights?
zx zx zx zx zx zx
3. Was due process adhered to?
zx zx zx zx zx
How does the Crime Control Perspective contrast with the Due Process perspectiv
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
e? - ANSWERS-• Crime Control-
zx zx zx zx
The focus is on factual guilt and speedy process of the accused tends view the off
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ender as guilty until proven innocent. Nicknamed "assembly line justice".
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Due Process-
zx zx
The accused is afforded the proper constitutional and civil rights with emphasis pla
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ces on following proper procedures. Nicknamed "obstacle course justice" because
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
of the number of technicalities built into the system.
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
- Civil Rights are defined as, - ANSWERS-
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
• The rights and privileges afforded all persons in society by the legislative acts of
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
Congress, State, and Local Ordinances. zx zx zx zx
Section 42 USC 1983 is, - ANSWERS- zx zx zx zx zx zx
• Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or u
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
sage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction th
zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx zx
ere of to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Con
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stitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equi
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ty, or other proper proceeding for redress.
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The Criminal Justice System is, - ANSWERS-
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• The formal system established by the United States for maintaining social control
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and handling criminal conduct.
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The four (4) components of the Criminal Justice System are, - ANSWERS-
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1. Law Enforcement.
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2. Prosecution and Defense.
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3. Judiciary.
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4. Corrections.
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Courts of Ohio are, - ANSWERS-• Supreme Court of Ohio.
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• Court of Appeals.
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• Common Pleas Court.
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, • County Court.
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• Municipal Court.
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• Mayor Court.
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• Court of Claims.
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- The five (5) matters over which the Ohio Supreme Court has jurisdiction in are, -
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ANSWERS-1. Quo Warranto.
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2. Madamus.
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3. Habeas Corpus.
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4. Prohibition.
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5. Precedents.
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Offenses are divided into two (2) classes, - ANSWERS-1. Felony.
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2. Misdemeanor.
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A Felony is anything defined by law as a Felony. - ANSWERS-
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A Felony is anything defined by law as a Felony.
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A Misdemeanor is anything defined by law as a Misdemeanor. - ANSWERS-
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A Misdemeanor is anything defined by law as a Misdemeanor.
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The two (2) Purposes of Felony sentencing are, - ANSWERS-
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1. Protect the public from future crime by offender and others.
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2. Punish the offender.
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The four (4) needs a court is required to consider when imposing a Felony sentenc
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e are, - ANSWERS-1. The need for incapacitating the offender.
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2. The need for deterring the offender and others from future crime.
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3. Rehabilitating the offender.
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4. Make restitution to the victim of the offense, the public, or both.
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The three (3) requirements which must be satisfied by a Felony sentence imposed
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by the court are, - ANSWERS-
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1. Reasonably calculated to achieve the consideration of the Court.
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2. Must be commensurate with and not demeaning to the seriousness of the offend
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ers conduct and its impact on the victim.
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3. Must be consistent with sentences imposed for similar crimes committed by othe
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r offenders with similar circumstances.
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-
The eleven (11) sequential steps necessary to process an adult Felon through the
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Criminal Justice System, - ANSWERS-1. Investigation.
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2. Arrest.zx
3. Booking.
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4. Initial Appearance.
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5. Pre-luminary Hearing.
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6. Grand Jury.
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7. Arraignment.
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8. Pre-trial Motions and Hearings.
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9. Trial. zx
