MUS 360 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

MUS 360 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Why was considered the golden age when it comes to sampling music to make hip hop music? - Answers -copyright holders had not yet begun suing for copyright infringement -Digital samplers became viable In general, what is collage? - Answers combining elements from various sources to create new meaning. In general, how was creativity measured in the golden age of sampling, and how did music by the Native Tongues exemplify this value? - Answers judged by aesthetic choices and not necessarily technique with sampling technology, that is: -Choice in source material -Choice in how you chop the material -Choices in how you combine those materials What is looping? - Answers repeating a sample in a regular pattern What is chopping? - Answers breaking a sample down into smaller pieces What is flipping? - Answers creatively altering a sample What is diggin' in the crates? Why is it important? - Answers -the act of searching for records, often rare or unused by others, for sampling or DJ purposes -important because using samples no one had made you dope Be familiar with the lyrical aesthetics and musical aesthetics of the Native Tongues. Why was this so influential on hip hop music in the later 1980s and early 90s? - Answers -3 sampling and collage -Digging and sampling jazz records, as well as other non-UBB/James --Brown sources and new drum breaks -Positive, fun lyrics -Afrocentric lyrics -Address sexuality, sex, racial equality, fun, spirituality -Black hippies or hippie hop Who was the first to loop Zapp - "Dance Floor" and Popularize it - Answers Jungle Brothers - "You Make Me Sweat" What member of A Tribe Called Quest produced most of its music? - Answers The lead producorial force in ATCQ was Q-Tip; he often put his taste on display by using jazzy samples What does D.A.I.S.Y. Age mean? - Answers da inner sound, y'all (concept for lyrical positivity) What are some of the common themes in A Tribe Called Quest's songs - Answers Early catalog about youthful experiences, social awareness, and inventive/playful lyrics. -most songs incorporated or used; jazz samples, call and response, and sampled a lot of music from the late 60s early to mid 70s. What is the theme in "Buddy" and what does "Buddy" mean? Given this, in the lyrics of the song what does Jenifa and Jimmy mean? - Answers -Buddy = body x(bodies of all kinds) -playfully sexuality is the theme What is call and response in music? - Answers when an artists says a phrase or lyric and the crowd or people repeat it back What is the underlying meaning and power of Monie Love's verse on "Buddy"? - Answers -she is reflecting on herself as a sexual subject with sexual agency -different than how many artists (largely from the gangsta rap genre) treated female sexuality What about the economics of sampling? Who gets paid and who doesn't? - Answers there are two parties that receive royalties for a sampled recording- 1. the owner of the sound recording (typically the record label) 2. the publishers/songwriters for the composition What are 2 landmark digital sampling cases presented in this film - Answers -De La Soul v. The Turtles -Biz Markie v. Gilbert O'Sullivan Sampling - Answers recording sounds to a sampler What ATCQ songs use call and response that I list specifically? - Answers "Can I Kick It?" "Check the Rhime" Bars and Beats - Answers 4/4 time signature, snare on 2 and 4 (trap = snare on 3) Panning the Stereo Image - Answers isolating sound from L/R channels What is rule #4080? - Answers "Industry rule number four thousand and eighty/ Record company people are shady" - Q-Tip Bassline Filtering - Answers applying a LPF (low-pass filter) to isolate a bassline from a fully arranged recording Why would Q-Tip say "Rap is not pop, if you call it that then stop"? - Answers he doesn't want rap to become this popularized music or scene as a commodity to be taken over by some big record label. Why was Paul C a significant contributor to the sound of hip hop music? What were the two techniques he introduced to hip hop music and sampling? How did his techniques change the sound of hip hop? - Answers -Bass player and engineer at 1212 Studios in Queens -Uncredited early productions: Ultramagnetic MCs, Eric B. & Rakim, Organized Konfusion, Super Lover Cee & Casanova Rud, etc -Mentor to Large Pro and showed him the E-mu SP-1200 and SP-12 -***Introduced chopping and panning to beat-making*** -influential on raw, booming sound of samples What does Phife mean in "Award Tour" when he says "I never let a statue tell me how nice I am"? - Answers He never won a grammy in his prime, this was his response saying he still felt he was an important and accomplished artist Be familiar with the instruments used by Paul, Pete Rock and Large Professor - Answers E-mu SP-12 and SP-1200: -26.04 kHz sampling rate (half of CD quality) -12 bit sampling resolution (bit depth or bits per sample) -Produced a gritty/warm sound, crunchy drums, dark basslines, and choppy samples What are arguments here for and against sampling in general? - Answers -Sampling transports the listener back to the period that the record was sampled from. -Sampling is more than simply "stealing" music that others have created; sampling requires creativity, digging through the crates, originality/authenticity, etc. -Sampling is a product of the culture of the South Bronx - the kids making hip hop didn't have access to traditional instruments or lessons, but everyone had a record player and this was the way they could create new music. -Others think it's cheap, easy, and the lazy way to make music. Why would Pete Rock put short, instrumental interludes on his albums? - Answers Show off his diggin skills Is sampling—based on the film—theft or tribute? Is it borrowing or theft? Is it creative? Is it artistic? - Answers -Tribute/borrowing when they actually give some credit/recognition to the person they sampled from. -It is a tribute if they give credit to the artist they sample, but recognition is needed, like Clyde Stubblefield wants, but regardless he is excited to see what people do with his music. -Giving the DJs something nonmusical in music, and adding in sounds that otherwise wouldnt typically fit in a song -Allows for creativity Be familiar with the general aesthetics of gangsta rap. - Answers Vivid, explicit stoies, vulgar language, tales of murder, robbing, and violence and describing social circumstances, police brutality and racial profiling, misogyny, mistreating women, hyper-sexual, homophobia, drugs and drinking, and drug dealing, materialism, upward mobility, having paper, street cred, early on simple 808 beats; later more compex layering and funk/boogie samples What is a genre and what is its purpose? How could gangsta rap as a genre be considered a sales gimmick? - Answers Category, way to rationalize music, way to guide consumers/consumption, way to market music, Branding, portraying, packaging..etc, media attention: bad attention is good attention Be very familiar with "Funky Drummer" and Clyde Stubblefield Why do you think that hip hop producers in the golden era of sampling gravitated towards this break? - Answers Despite creating essential drum patterns for songs like "Funky Drummer" and "Cold Sweat," Clyde Stubblefield didn't receive royalties because he wasn't credited as a songwriter. (James Brown holds sole songwriting credit for "Funky Drummer") According to hip-hop producers in the film, Clyde was "the epitome of funk." -Clyde had intense and unique style drum beats that appealed to the artists of the golden era of hip hop. What was the classic drum break used in the song "Straight Outta Compton"? - Answers "Amen Brother" In what ways has copyright law adapted to accommodate sampling, and in general new technology and ways of creating art/culture? Or, has it? - Answers It hasn't really. There are more artists who understand sampling and there are laws- if you use something that sounds like something another artist created, you list them as a songwriter. What's the significance of "F**k the Police" to N.W.A.'s legacy and hip hop music in general? How did N.W.A. challenge authority and police brutality in this song, and maybe how was this represented in the music video for "Straight Outta Compton"? - Answers N.W.A.'s music was banned from radio, retail, libraries, ect. made the group more popular especially with the white/suburban market How Ice Cube framed black males in "Endangered Species (Tales From The Darkside)"? How were the themes explored on AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted different than the music that Cube wrote and performed or N.W.A? - Answers Album set forth the trend of critiquing racism, the justice system, economic inequity, etc. in West Coast Rap. De La Soul v. The Turtles - Answers -De La Soul's "Transmitting Live From Mars" -The Turtles' "You Showed Me" -Though De La cleared most of the obvious samples, they neglected to properly license a sample by the Turtles because they heavily flipped it -The lawsuit ended up getting settled out of court In "Sound of Da Police" KRS-One compares the officer to the overseer. What does this analogy suggest? - Answers By comparing "officer" to "overseer," KRS-One seems to suggest that the modern-day discriminating police officer isn't that far removed from the inhumane plantation overseers of our country's dark past. Biz Markie v. Gilbert O'Sullivan - Answers -Biz Markie's "Alone Again" -Gilbert O'Sullivan's "Alone Again, Naturally" -Markie was "made an example of," court ruled that all samples must be cleared (de minimis would no longer apply to sampling) -Markie's next album was named All Samples Cleared -Learned that it's mostly getting permission from the Labels not necessarily from the artist themselves. Why would early hip hop emcees and rappers accept, embrace, and in some ways envy the powder cocaine culture? - Answers Powder cocaine was a status symbol usually reserved for affluent whites. Be familiar with Schloss's "sampling ethics" and how those ideas extend from DJ practice. Be familiar with the rules in general. - Answers -No biting (be original): if you sample the same song as someone else, FLIP it differently! -Sampling from vinyl: tradition, sound quality and other aesthetics. You gotta dig! (and no sampling from other hip-hop records!). -Don't sample for respect: if you can't flip it or the song is too good, leave it alone No sampling comps (like UBB) or reissues (you gotta dig!) -Sample sounds from different records (take drums, bass and licks from different sources) How can we see legislation and general police/law mentality regarding rock cocaine (crack) as highlighting institutional racism? - Answers There was an 100:1 sentencing disparity between crack and powder cocaine, despite being essentially the same drug. The difference only existed because crack was typically used among blacks while powder was used among whites. What role did the media play in sensationalizing the "crack epidemic"? Was it an actual epidemic, or just moral panic and demonization? - Answers -Started as crack is wack and it began to blow up by mass media as DEA made information public -Media called it Plague, Epidemic, etc. before this "Plague" actually got wild! It was a demonization. -Media ran with the drama of this whole situation to match numbers and make money -Media only focuses on minorities slinging and using when there was and has always been white people using this drug. Programming - Answers assigning samples to pads, assigning "parameters" (level, pitch, EQ, effects, etc) and playing them as notes and recording notes to a sequencer to make music) Why would rappers be envious and in some ways mimic crack dealers? How would crack culture become a part of hip hop music and style? - Answers -Drug Dealers were funding Rappers and up and coming artists like Too $hort.