NUR 155
EXAM 1 – 4 & FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of Nursing
Galen College of Nursing
, NUR 155
EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of Nursing
Galen College of Nursing
, Exam 1 Study Guide
Chap. 2
Two drug phases
1.Pharmacokine>c phase
2.Pharmacodỵnamic Phase
Pharmacokine>c Phase: is the process of drug movement through the bodỵ necessarỵ to
achieve drug ac>on. Includes Absorp>on, Distribuion, Metabolism, and Excre>on.
Pharmacodỵnamic Phase: is the studỵ of the eIects of drug on the bodỵ. ( Receptor
binding, post receptor eIects, and chemical reac>ons).
Diges>on starts in the mouth-Salvia starts the breakdown!!!!
Pharmacokine,c Phase:
Absorp>on is the movement of the drug through the blood stream aOer its
administra>on. Disintegra>ons is the breakdown of the oral drug into smaller par>cles.
Dissolu>on is the >me it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available
for absorp>on.
Acidic is faster than alkaline environment.
Absorp>on methods
Passive transport
DiIusion: is across the semipermeable membrane high to low concentra>on.
Requires no energỵ. It stops when the concentra>on is equa>on on both sides of
the membrane. In oral drugs GI (higher concentra>on) moves to the blood
stream (lower concentra>on).
Facilitated diIusion: is the same principal but requires a carrier protein to
move
the drug.
Ac>ve Transport
Requires carrier and energỵ to move the drug against the concentra>on
gradient.
Pinocỵtosis
Taking a bit out of the par>cles and bringing them into the cell.
Lipid soluble drugs and nonionized drugs are absorbed faster than water soluble and
ionized drugs
Factors aIec>ng absorp>on
Blood circula>on (poor circula>on, vasoconstrictors, shock or disease), Pain, stress,
solid, hot foods, high fat foods slow gastric emptỵing, Exercise decreases Blood Uow, pH,
Route of administra>on (IV, Oral, IM)
Drug movement from GI tract to liver
From mouth to the gut to portal vein and the liver drugs maỵ be metabolized to an
inac>ve form and excreted reducing the amount of the ac>ve drug available to achieve
desired eIect. This is Ỵrst pass eIect (Ỵrst pass metabolism)
Bioavailabilitỵ is the percentage of the drug leO for ac>vitỵ. Maỵ be aIected bỵ
absorp>on and Ỵrst pass metabolism for oral drugs. Bioavailabilitỵ is alwaỵs less than
100%. Factors aIec>ng Bioavailabilitỵ
Drug form
Route of administra>on
, Gastric mucosa and mo>litỵ
Administra>on w/food and other
drugs Changes in liver metabolism
Drug distribu>on: is the movement of the drug form the circula>on to >ssues.
Protein binding ( highlỵ and weaklỵ protein bound
drugs) Drugs drugs( unbound)
Volume of drug distribu>on
Compe>>on over protein binding sites leads to more free
drug Low plasma protein levels causes more free drugs
Uoa>ng around Low albumin same thing (elderlỵ
considera>ons)
BBB (blood brain barrier)
Water soluble drugs do not cross the BBB
Ỵou want to be careful with those who are pregnant some drugs cross the placenta and
cause damage
Drug metabolism (biotransforma>on: changing the drug chemicallỵ to form that is readỵ
for excre>on)
Half life: from administra>on to reduc>on of the drug in the bodỵ to a half.
AIected bỵ.- previous dose, metabolism, and elimina>on.
Ex. Ibuprofen= 2hr 6am
200mg in two hrs= 100mg
8am 100mg in 2 hrs= 50mg
10am 50mg in 2hrs= 25mg
12pm 25mg in two
hrs=12.5mg 2pm 12.5mg in 2
hrs= 6.25mg 4pm
Steadỵ state=plateau=amount administered= amount eliminated usuallỵ achieved
bỵ 4- 5th half life if given consistentlỵ
Loading dose= large ini>al dose of medica>on (seizure medica>ons) smaller doses
to follow consistent >me intervals.
Drug excre>on (elimina>on)
Kidneỵs
Crea>nine clearance
BUN
Glomerular Ỵltra>on rate lower in older and female due to decreased muscle
mas
s Urine pH 4.6-8
Liver (bile)
Feces
Lungs
Saliva, sweat, breast milk
Pharmacodỵnamics Phase:
Primarỵ eIect-desirable response
Secondarỵ eIect- desirable or undesirable response
Ex. Benadrỵl (primarỵ eIect= treatment of allergies, Secondarỵ eIect= CNS
depression (seda>on))
EXAM 1 – 4 & FINAL EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of Nursing
Galen College of Nursing
, NUR 155
EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE
Foundations of Nursing
Galen College of Nursing
, Exam 1 Study Guide
Chap. 2
Two drug phases
1.Pharmacokine>c phase
2.Pharmacodỵnamic Phase
Pharmacokine>c Phase: is the process of drug movement through the bodỵ necessarỵ to
achieve drug ac>on. Includes Absorp>on, Distribuion, Metabolism, and Excre>on.
Pharmacodỵnamic Phase: is the studỵ of the eIects of drug on the bodỵ. ( Receptor
binding, post receptor eIects, and chemical reac>ons).
Diges>on starts in the mouth-Salvia starts the breakdown!!!!
Pharmacokine,c Phase:
Absorp>on is the movement of the drug through the blood stream aOer its
administra>on. Disintegra>ons is the breakdown of the oral drug into smaller par>cles.
Dissolu>on is the >me it takes the drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become available
for absorp>on.
Acidic is faster than alkaline environment.
Absorp>on methods
Passive transport
DiIusion: is across the semipermeable membrane high to low concentra>on.
Requires no energỵ. It stops when the concentra>on is equa>on on both sides of
the membrane. In oral drugs GI (higher concentra>on) moves to the blood
stream (lower concentra>on).
Facilitated diIusion: is the same principal but requires a carrier protein to
move
the drug.
Ac>ve Transport
Requires carrier and energỵ to move the drug against the concentra>on
gradient.
Pinocỵtosis
Taking a bit out of the par>cles and bringing them into the cell.
Lipid soluble drugs and nonionized drugs are absorbed faster than water soluble and
ionized drugs
Factors aIec>ng absorp>on
Blood circula>on (poor circula>on, vasoconstrictors, shock or disease), Pain, stress,
solid, hot foods, high fat foods slow gastric emptỵing, Exercise decreases Blood Uow, pH,
Route of administra>on (IV, Oral, IM)
Drug movement from GI tract to liver
From mouth to the gut to portal vein and the liver drugs maỵ be metabolized to an
inac>ve form and excreted reducing the amount of the ac>ve drug available to achieve
desired eIect. This is Ỵrst pass eIect (Ỵrst pass metabolism)
Bioavailabilitỵ is the percentage of the drug leO for ac>vitỵ. Maỵ be aIected bỵ
absorp>on and Ỵrst pass metabolism for oral drugs. Bioavailabilitỵ is alwaỵs less than
100%. Factors aIec>ng Bioavailabilitỵ
Drug form
Route of administra>on
, Gastric mucosa and mo>litỵ
Administra>on w/food and other
drugs Changes in liver metabolism
Drug distribu>on: is the movement of the drug form the circula>on to >ssues.
Protein binding ( highlỵ and weaklỵ protein bound
drugs) Drugs drugs( unbound)
Volume of drug distribu>on
Compe>>on over protein binding sites leads to more free
drug Low plasma protein levels causes more free drugs
Uoa>ng around Low albumin same thing (elderlỵ
considera>ons)
BBB (blood brain barrier)
Water soluble drugs do not cross the BBB
Ỵou want to be careful with those who are pregnant some drugs cross the placenta and
cause damage
Drug metabolism (biotransforma>on: changing the drug chemicallỵ to form that is readỵ
for excre>on)
Half life: from administra>on to reduc>on of the drug in the bodỵ to a half.
AIected bỵ.- previous dose, metabolism, and elimina>on.
Ex. Ibuprofen= 2hr 6am
200mg in two hrs= 100mg
8am 100mg in 2 hrs= 50mg
10am 50mg in 2hrs= 25mg
12pm 25mg in two
hrs=12.5mg 2pm 12.5mg in 2
hrs= 6.25mg 4pm
Steadỵ state=plateau=amount administered= amount eliminated usuallỵ achieved
bỵ 4- 5th half life if given consistentlỵ
Loading dose= large ini>al dose of medica>on (seizure medica>ons) smaller doses
to follow consistent >me intervals.
Drug excre>on (elimina>on)
Kidneỵs
Crea>nine clearance
BUN
Glomerular Ỵltra>on rate lower in older and female due to decreased muscle
mas
s Urine pH 4.6-8
Liver (bile)
Feces
Lungs
Saliva, sweat, breast milk
Pharmacodỵnamics Phase:
Primarỵ eIect-desirable response
Secondarỵ eIect- desirable or undesirable response
Ex. Benadrỵl (primarỵ eIect= treatment of allergies, Secondarỵ eIect= CNS
depression (seda>on))
