BIO 311D MIDTERM 1 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027 |
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
Chromosome - ✔✔a cellular structure consisting of one or two DNA molecule(s) and
associated protein molecules
Homologous Chromosomes - ✔✔a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the
same length and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters
Sister Chromatids - ✔✔are joined copies of a duplicated chromosome that are attached at the
centromeres
Diploid cell (2n) - ✔✔has two sets of chromosomes, or two different sets of genetic
information
Haploid cell (n) - ✔✔has a single set of chromosomes
Gene - ✔✔a discrete unit of hereditary information that codes for a character
Allele - ✔✔any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable
phenotypic effects
Locus - ✔✔a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a gene is located
Somatic cells - ✔✔all cells besides gametes and their precursors
Gametes - ✔✔reproductive cells that transmit genes from one generation to the next. Male
and female gametes unite in fertilization
,Egg cells - ✔✔female gametes
Sperm cells - ✔✔male gametes
Interphase - ✔✔includes all stages of the cell cycle except for mitosis and cytokinesis (includes
G1, S, and G2 phases)
Gap phases - ✔✔phases in which the cell grows. This includes G1 and G2.
S Phase - ✔✔the synthesis phase of the cell cycle in which an identical chromatid is made for
each chromosome
Mitosis - ✔✔the process by which one diploid cell becomes two identical diploid cells. It
includes Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Cytokinesis - ✔✔the phase of the cell cycle after mitosis, when the cytoplasm divides to create
two cells.
Meiosis - ✔✔the process by which one diploid cell becomes four genetically unique haploid
cells.
Meiosis I - ✔✔the first stage of meiosis when homologous chromosomes separate. It includes
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis.
Meiosis II - ✔✔the second stage of meiosis when sister chromatids separate. It includes
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and cytokinesis.
, Synapsis and crossing over - ✔✔when homologous chromosomes physically connect and
exchange genetic information in Prophase I. This increases genetic variation in offspring
Recombinant chromosomes - ✔✔individual chromosomes that combine DNA inherited from
each parent, as a result of crossing over
Independent assortment of chromosomes - ✔✔when homologous chromosomes line up
randomly at the metaphase plate in Metaphase I, each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and
paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs. This increases genetic
variation in offspring.
Random fertilization - ✔✔contributes to genetic variation in offspring because any sperm can
fuse with any egg
Asexual reproduction - ✔✔when a single individual reproduces via mitosis. The individual
passes all of its genes to its offspring, which produces clones.
Sexual reproduction - ✔✔when two parents produce an offspring that has unique
combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. This occurs via meiosis and fertilization.
If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of
a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II will be - ✔✔x
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and an X chromosome is - ✔✔a sperm or an egg cell
Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following questions.
The 3 diagrams are labeled I, II, III from left to right.
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
Chromosome - ✔✔a cellular structure consisting of one or two DNA molecule(s) and
associated protein molecules
Homologous Chromosomes - ✔✔a pair of chromosomes, one from each parent, that have the
same length and carry genes controlling the same inherited characters
Sister Chromatids - ✔✔are joined copies of a duplicated chromosome that are attached at the
centromeres
Diploid cell (2n) - ✔✔has two sets of chromosomes, or two different sets of genetic
information
Haploid cell (n) - ✔✔has a single set of chromosomes
Gene - ✔✔a discrete unit of hereditary information that codes for a character
Allele - ✔✔any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable
phenotypic effects
Locus - ✔✔a specific place along the length of a chromosome where a gene is located
Somatic cells - ✔✔all cells besides gametes and their precursors
Gametes - ✔✔reproductive cells that transmit genes from one generation to the next. Male
and female gametes unite in fertilization
,Egg cells - ✔✔female gametes
Sperm cells - ✔✔male gametes
Interphase - ✔✔includes all stages of the cell cycle except for mitosis and cytokinesis (includes
G1, S, and G2 phases)
Gap phases - ✔✔phases in which the cell grows. This includes G1 and G2.
S Phase - ✔✔the synthesis phase of the cell cycle in which an identical chromatid is made for
each chromosome
Mitosis - ✔✔the process by which one diploid cell becomes two identical diploid cells. It
includes Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
Cytokinesis - ✔✔the phase of the cell cycle after mitosis, when the cytoplasm divides to create
two cells.
Meiosis - ✔✔the process by which one diploid cell becomes four genetically unique haploid
cells.
Meiosis I - ✔✔the first stage of meiosis when homologous chromosomes separate. It includes
Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis.
Meiosis II - ✔✔the second stage of meiosis when sister chromatids separate. It includes
Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, and cytokinesis.
, Synapsis and crossing over - ✔✔when homologous chromosomes physically connect and
exchange genetic information in Prophase I. This increases genetic variation in offspring
Recombinant chromosomes - ✔✔individual chromosomes that combine DNA inherited from
each parent, as a result of crossing over
Independent assortment of chromosomes - ✔✔when homologous chromosomes line up
randomly at the metaphase plate in Metaphase I, each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and
paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs. This increases genetic
variation in offspring.
Random fertilization - ✔✔contributes to genetic variation in offspring because any sperm can
fuse with any egg
Asexual reproduction - ✔✔when a single individual reproduces via mitosis. The individual
passes all of its genes to its offspring, which produces clones.
Sexual reproduction - ✔✔when two parents produce an offspring that has unique
combinations of genes inherited from the two parents. This occurs via meiosis and fertilization.
If the DNA content of a diploid cell in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is x, then the DNA content of
a single cell at metaphase of meiosis II will be - ✔✔x
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and an X chromosome is - ✔✔a sperm or an egg cell
Refer to the life cycles illustrated in the figure below to answer the following questions.
The 3 diagrams are labeled I, II, III from left to right.
