PNB 2265 Exam 4 – Uconn Final Exam
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026
Updated.
Kidney vascularization - Answer Vascular, highly perfused organ
Kidney function - Answer FILTRATION, ABSORPTION, SECRETION
-Metabolic wastes are removed: "clean blood" returns to circulation (specifically nitrogenous
wastes: end products of amino acid metabolism)
-Humans: take form of urea
-Handle many different substances
Renal functions - Answer -Excretes metabolic end products: Drugs, organic molecules,
xenobiotics
-Regulates ion balances: Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, Cl, HCO3-, PO4, H2O
-Regulates osmolarity & pH
-Endocrine organ
-Long term regulation of BP: Plasma volume is changed
Gross anatomy of renal system - Answer -Kidney
-Ureter
-Urinary bladder
-Urethra
Gross anatomy of kidney - Answer -Cortex
-Medulla
-Calyces
-Nephron
Cortex of kidney - Answer -Outer area
-Inner juxtamedullary region
Medulla of kidney - Answer -Inner area
-Renal pyramids
,Calyces of kidney - Answer -Minor: papillae extend
-Major: converge with minor to form renal pelvis
Nephron - Answer -Functional unit of the kidney
-Juxtamedullary
-Cortical
-Create and maintain osmotic gradient between interstitial fluid & urine
Nephron components - Answer -Renal corpuscle: bowman's capsule + glomerulus
-Proximal convoluted tubule (PT)
-Loop of Henle
-Distal Convoluted Tubule (DT)
-Collecting duct (CD)
2 types of nephrons - Answer -Cortical nephrons
-Juxtamedullary nephrons
Cortical nephrons - Answer -Cortex
-Most renal processes
Juxtamedullary nephrons - Answer -Loops of henley extend deep into the medulla
-Urine concentration
Filtration - Answer -Non-selective movement of fluid & solutes from glomerulus → lumen
-Location: Bowman's capsule
Absorption - Answer -Semi-selective movement of water & solutes from lumen → blood
vessels
-Transporters
-Location: PT in the loop of henle, DT,
Collecting duct
Blood vessels in the nephron - Answer -Peritubular capillaries
-Vasa recta: juxtamedullary nephrons
, Secretion - Answer -Selective movement of water & solutes from peritubular capillaries →
lumen of nephron
-Active-transport
-Location: Proximal capsule, Distal capsule, Collecting duct
Filtration fraction - Answer -20% of blood sent to kidney is sent to the nephron
-Vast majority is reabsorbed (1 day: kidney filters & reabsorbs entire volume of the blood 50 or
60 times)
Why is there a high filtration volume in the kidney - Answer -Allows for speed
-Non-selective for the most part
-Transporters for what is being selectively reabsorbed back into the blood
-Did not have this system: need a transporter for every single substance that could enter the
blood
Renal corpsucle - Answer -Highly vascularized
-Glomerulus
-Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus - Answer -Capillaries: Fenestrated endothelial cells (few tight junctions)
-Afferent arteriole: blood in
-Efferent arteriole: blood out
-Podocytes: capillaries surrounded by an epithelial cell lining
(help regulate filtration)
Bowman's capsule - Answer -Lumen space
-Connected to PCT
Type of transport in the kidney - Answer -Bulk flow: governed by blood (hydrostatic) pressure
-Paracellular
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Answer Plasma volume filtered in a unit of time (90-120
mL/min)
Profiltration forces - Answer Hydrostatic pressure inside glomerulus (GBHP):
> pressure inside of capsule
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2026
Updated.
Kidney vascularization - Answer Vascular, highly perfused organ
Kidney function - Answer FILTRATION, ABSORPTION, SECRETION
-Metabolic wastes are removed: "clean blood" returns to circulation (specifically nitrogenous
wastes: end products of amino acid metabolism)
-Humans: take form of urea
-Handle many different substances
Renal functions - Answer -Excretes metabolic end products: Drugs, organic molecules,
xenobiotics
-Regulates ion balances: Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, Cl, HCO3-, PO4, H2O
-Regulates osmolarity & pH
-Endocrine organ
-Long term regulation of BP: Plasma volume is changed
Gross anatomy of renal system - Answer -Kidney
-Ureter
-Urinary bladder
-Urethra
Gross anatomy of kidney - Answer -Cortex
-Medulla
-Calyces
-Nephron
Cortex of kidney - Answer -Outer area
-Inner juxtamedullary region
Medulla of kidney - Answer -Inner area
-Renal pyramids
,Calyces of kidney - Answer -Minor: papillae extend
-Major: converge with minor to form renal pelvis
Nephron - Answer -Functional unit of the kidney
-Juxtamedullary
-Cortical
-Create and maintain osmotic gradient between interstitial fluid & urine
Nephron components - Answer -Renal corpuscle: bowman's capsule + glomerulus
-Proximal convoluted tubule (PT)
-Loop of Henle
-Distal Convoluted Tubule (DT)
-Collecting duct (CD)
2 types of nephrons - Answer -Cortical nephrons
-Juxtamedullary nephrons
Cortical nephrons - Answer -Cortex
-Most renal processes
Juxtamedullary nephrons - Answer -Loops of henley extend deep into the medulla
-Urine concentration
Filtration - Answer -Non-selective movement of fluid & solutes from glomerulus → lumen
-Location: Bowman's capsule
Absorption - Answer -Semi-selective movement of water & solutes from lumen → blood
vessels
-Transporters
-Location: PT in the loop of henle, DT,
Collecting duct
Blood vessels in the nephron - Answer -Peritubular capillaries
-Vasa recta: juxtamedullary nephrons
, Secretion - Answer -Selective movement of water & solutes from peritubular capillaries →
lumen of nephron
-Active-transport
-Location: Proximal capsule, Distal capsule, Collecting duct
Filtration fraction - Answer -20% of blood sent to kidney is sent to the nephron
-Vast majority is reabsorbed (1 day: kidney filters & reabsorbs entire volume of the blood 50 or
60 times)
Why is there a high filtration volume in the kidney - Answer -Allows for speed
-Non-selective for the most part
-Transporters for what is being selectively reabsorbed back into the blood
-Did not have this system: need a transporter for every single substance that could enter the
blood
Renal corpsucle - Answer -Highly vascularized
-Glomerulus
-Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus - Answer -Capillaries: Fenestrated endothelial cells (few tight junctions)
-Afferent arteriole: blood in
-Efferent arteriole: blood out
-Podocytes: capillaries surrounded by an epithelial cell lining
(help regulate filtration)
Bowman's capsule - Answer -Lumen space
-Connected to PCT
Type of transport in the kidney - Answer -Bulk flow: governed by blood (hydrostatic) pressure
-Paracellular
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - Answer Plasma volume filtered in a unit of time (90-120
mL/min)
Profiltration forces - Answer Hydrostatic pressure inside glomerulus (GBHP):
> pressure inside of capsule
