PNB 2265 Exam 3 Practice Questions
With 100% Correct Answers 2026.
how many liters per day does the kidney filter - Answer 180
what percent of the filtered fluid by kidneys is excreted in urine - Answer 1%
functions of the kidneys - Answer excrete wastes, regulate water and salt balance, and
secrete hormones
osmotic gradient in the nephron - Answer 300 (cortex) to 1200 (inner medulla)
site of filtrate - Answer renal corpuscle
site of reabsorption of 70% water, nutrients, and ions - Answer proximal convoluted tubule
impermeable to salt - Answer descending loop of Henle
impermeable to water - Answer ascending loop of Henle
urine reabsorption may occur here - Answer papillary collecitng duct
flow of blood supply in the nephron - Answer renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus,
efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, to renal vein
what type makes up 85% of nephrons - Answer cortical
unique characteristics to juxtamedullary nephron - Answer creates OSMOTIC gradient and
has longer loops of Henle
type of capillaries in the glomerulus - Answer fenestrated
unique to Bowmans capsule - Answer podocytes
where the afferent arteriole connects to the distal convoluted tubule - Answer
juxtaglomerular apparatus
,where can you find macula densa and what do they do - Answer distal convoluted tubule and
they have osmoreceptors to initiate tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (aka dilate afferent
arteriole)
what do cells in the afferent arteriole secrete - Answer renin
definition of filtration - Answer bulk flow of PROTEIN FREE plasma from the glomerulus into
the nephron
where can you find the renal corpuscle and the convoluted tubules - Answer cortex of the
nephron
detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder - Answer smooth muscle under parasympathetic
control that is inhibited during filling and stimulated during the micturition reflex
histology of bladder - Answer transitional epithelium
micturition reflex - Answer reflex mediated by parasympathetic, voluntary control through
descending input from higher centers
stretch receptors on the bladder - Answer sensed by pelvic nerve that causes the destrusor
to contract and the sphincters to relax
main site of K+ secretion - Answer distal convoluted tubule
amount excreted = - Answer filtered + secreted - reabsorbed
what governs filtration - Answer bulk flow by blood pressure (hydrostatic)
favors filtration - Answer glomerular capillary blood pressure
usually has no affect on filtration but can oppose - Answer blood pressure in Bowman's
capsule
opposes filtration - Answer blood colloid osmotic pressure due to protein
, normal GFR - Answer 7.5 lit/hour
what keeps GFR at 7.5 lit/hour - Answer local control by renal autoregulation (constrict/dilate
arterioles by myogenic mechanism)
constrict afferent arteriole = - Answer decrease in GFR
dilate afferent arteriole = - Answer increase in GFR
3 membranes particles have to pass when reabsorbed - Answer apical, basolateral, and
endothelium of peritubular capillary
most reabsorbed particles - Answer water, glucose, Na+, and amino acids
partially reabsorbed particles - Answer urea, K+, and phosphates
never reabsorbed particles - Answer creatine and sulfates
how is sodium transported on apical membrane of ascending loop of Henle - Answer NCKK2
how is sodium transported on basolateral membrane - Answer Na/K/ATPase
early distal tubule is impermeable to - Answer water
transport maxima - Answer rate at which transported become saturated during reabsorption
Tm for glucose - Answer ~380 mg/min
first structure where no more changes can be made to urine - Answer renal pelvis
osmolarity of bowmans capsule - Answer 300
osmolarity of proximal tubule - Answer 300
osmolarity at hairpin end of loop of Henle - Answer 1200
With 100% Correct Answers 2026.
how many liters per day does the kidney filter - Answer 180
what percent of the filtered fluid by kidneys is excreted in urine - Answer 1%
functions of the kidneys - Answer excrete wastes, regulate water and salt balance, and
secrete hormones
osmotic gradient in the nephron - Answer 300 (cortex) to 1200 (inner medulla)
site of filtrate - Answer renal corpuscle
site of reabsorption of 70% water, nutrients, and ions - Answer proximal convoluted tubule
impermeable to salt - Answer descending loop of Henle
impermeable to water - Answer ascending loop of Henle
urine reabsorption may occur here - Answer papillary collecitng duct
flow of blood supply in the nephron - Answer renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus,
efferent arteriole, peritubular capillaries, to renal vein
what type makes up 85% of nephrons - Answer cortical
unique characteristics to juxtamedullary nephron - Answer creates OSMOTIC gradient and
has longer loops of Henle
type of capillaries in the glomerulus - Answer fenestrated
unique to Bowmans capsule - Answer podocytes
where the afferent arteriole connects to the distal convoluted tubule - Answer
juxtaglomerular apparatus
,where can you find macula densa and what do they do - Answer distal convoluted tubule and
they have osmoreceptors to initiate tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism (aka dilate afferent
arteriole)
what do cells in the afferent arteriole secrete - Answer renin
definition of filtration - Answer bulk flow of PROTEIN FREE plasma from the glomerulus into
the nephron
where can you find the renal corpuscle and the convoluted tubules - Answer cortex of the
nephron
detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder - Answer smooth muscle under parasympathetic
control that is inhibited during filling and stimulated during the micturition reflex
histology of bladder - Answer transitional epithelium
micturition reflex - Answer reflex mediated by parasympathetic, voluntary control through
descending input from higher centers
stretch receptors on the bladder - Answer sensed by pelvic nerve that causes the destrusor
to contract and the sphincters to relax
main site of K+ secretion - Answer distal convoluted tubule
amount excreted = - Answer filtered + secreted - reabsorbed
what governs filtration - Answer bulk flow by blood pressure (hydrostatic)
favors filtration - Answer glomerular capillary blood pressure
usually has no affect on filtration but can oppose - Answer blood pressure in Bowman's
capsule
opposes filtration - Answer blood colloid osmotic pressure due to protein
, normal GFR - Answer 7.5 lit/hour
what keeps GFR at 7.5 lit/hour - Answer local control by renal autoregulation (constrict/dilate
arterioles by myogenic mechanism)
constrict afferent arteriole = - Answer decrease in GFR
dilate afferent arteriole = - Answer increase in GFR
3 membranes particles have to pass when reabsorbed - Answer apical, basolateral, and
endothelium of peritubular capillary
most reabsorbed particles - Answer water, glucose, Na+, and amino acids
partially reabsorbed particles - Answer urea, K+, and phosphates
never reabsorbed particles - Answer creatine and sulfates
how is sodium transported on apical membrane of ascending loop of Henle - Answer NCKK2
how is sodium transported on basolateral membrane - Answer Na/K/ATPase
early distal tubule is impermeable to - Answer water
transport maxima - Answer rate at which transported become saturated during reabsorption
Tm for glucose - Answer ~380 mg/min
first structure where no more changes can be made to urine - Answer renal pelvis
osmolarity of bowmans capsule - Answer 300
osmolarity of proximal tubule - Answer 300
osmolarity at hairpin end of loop of Henle - Answer 1200
