BIO 311C EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2026/2027 |
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
Prokaryotic Cell - ANS ✔✔1. No nucleus
2. DNA in the nucleoid region
3. No proteins are attached to DNA
4. No endomembrane system
5. No organelles
6. Cell size small (1-10 μm)
Eukaryotic Cell - ANS ✔✔1. True nuclei
2. DNA within nucleus
3. Proteins (histones) are attached to DNA
4. Vast endomembrane system
5. Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
6. Larger cell size (10-100 μm)
Prensent in animal cells only - ANS ✔✔-Centrosomes w/ centrioles
-Lysosomes
-Cilia
Present in plant cells only - ANS ✔✔Cell wall
Plamodesmata
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
,Mitochondria - ANS ✔✔-Membrane bound organelles in which some cellular respiration occurs.
-Require oxygen for respiration
-Generate most of the ATP of cell
Lysosome - ANS ✔✔-Contains enzymes for digestion of many complex molecules
-Excretes digested material into cell if wanted or outside if not needed
Cytoskeleton - ANS ✔✔1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules - ANS ✔✔-hollow tubes of tubular protein present in all eukaryotic cells
Used for:
-cell motility
-cell shape
-chromosome
-serves as a truck for movement of organelles
Microfilaments - ANS ✔✔two intertwined, solid rods of actin
actin in all eukaryotic cells, myosin only in animal cells
Used for:
-cell motility
-cell shape & change
-muscle contraction
-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-cleavage furrow
, Intermediate filaments - ANS ✔✔-hollow tubes made up of heterogeneous proteins
-made up of 5 different proteins from the keratin family
-almost in all eukaryotic cells
Used for:
1. structural support
2. tensile strength
3. cell shape
4. anchoring the nucleus and theory cell organelles
5. formation of nuclear lamina
Centrosome (Cell Center) - ANS ✔✔Site near nucleus where microtubules are formed
-organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase
-positions many cytoplasmic organelles
Vesicle - ANS ✔✔transfer substances between membranous sacs in the cell, such as
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex
Ribosomes - ANS ✔✔-synthesize proteins with their catalytic ability
-found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER, mitochondria, chloroplast
-each ribosome is made up of one small subunit and one large subunit
-carry out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids
Smooth ER - ANS ✔✔-synthesizes lipids
-catalyzes glycogen to glucose reaction
-participates in carbohydrate metabolism
COMPLETE EXAM REVIEW
Prokaryotic Cell - ANS ✔✔1. No nucleus
2. DNA in the nucleoid region
3. No proteins are attached to DNA
4. No endomembrane system
5. No organelles
6. Cell size small (1-10 μm)
Eukaryotic Cell - ANS ✔✔1. True nuclei
2. DNA within nucleus
3. Proteins (histones) are attached to DNA
4. Vast endomembrane system
5. Membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
6. Larger cell size (10-100 μm)
Prensent in animal cells only - ANS ✔✔-Centrosomes w/ centrioles
-Lysosomes
-Cilia
Present in plant cells only - ANS ✔✔Cell wall
Plamodesmata
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole
,Mitochondria - ANS ✔✔-Membrane bound organelles in which some cellular respiration occurs.
-Require oxygen for respiration
-Generate most of the ATP of cell
Lysosome - ANS ✔✔-Contains enzymes for digestion of many complex molecules
-Excretes digested material into cell if wanted or outside if not needed
Cytoskeleton - ANS ✔✔1. Microtubules
2. Microfilaments
3. Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules - ANS ✔✔-hollow tubes of tubular protein present in all eukaryotic cells
Used for:
-cell motility
-cell shape
-chromosome
-serves as a truck for movement of organelles
Microfilaments - ANS ✔✔two intertwined, solid rods of actin
actin in all eukaryotic cells, myosin only in animal cells
Used for:
-cell motility
-cell shape & change
-muscle contraction
-cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells
-cleavage furrow
, Intermediate filaments - ANS ✔✔-hollow tubes made up of heterogeneous proteins
-made up of 5 different proteins from the keratin family
-almost in all eukaryotic cells
Used for:
1. structural support
2. tensile strength
3. cell shape
4. anchoring the nucleus and theory cell organelles
5. formation of nuclear lamina
Centrosome (Cell Center) - ANS ✔✔Site near nucleus where microtubules are formed
-organizes the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase
-positions many cytoplasmic organelles
Vesicle - ANS ✔✔transfer substances between membranous sacs in the cell, such as
endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex
Ribosomes - ANS ✔✔-synthesize proteins with their catalytic ability
-found freely in the cytoplasm or attached to rough ER, mitochondria, chloroplast
-each ribosome is made up of one small subunit and one large subunit
-carry out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into chains of amino acids
Smooth ER - ANS ✔✔-synthesizes lipids
-catalyzes glycogen to glucose reaction
-participates in carbohydrate metabolism
