BIO 311 FINAL EXAM REVIEW STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2026/2027 | COMPLETE EXAM PREP
The major regulatory factor of pentose monophosphate (PPP) pathway is the cytosolic level of: -
ANS ✔✔NADPH
AMPK is generally considered to be a sensor of cellular energy levels because it is most sensitive
to the change of: - ANS ✔✔AMP levels
About nitric oxide (NO), which of the following statements is NOT correct? - ANS ✔✔after
synthesis in any tissue, it travels long distance to regulate neuron and heart function
(arginine is its precursor, it's a free radical, several isoenzymes (NO synthases) can catalyze its
biosynthesis - correct)
On the surface of β-cells of pancreatic islet, the major type of glucose transporter is: - ANS
✔✔Glut2
β-oxidation of fatty acids normally occurs in: - ANS ✔✔mitochondrion
In humans, the major form of nitrogen excretion is: - ANS ✔✔urea
Regarding nucleotides, nucleosides and nitrogenous bases, which statement is INCORRECT: -
ANS ✔✔the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the nitrogenous bases
(a nucleoside contains a nitrogenous base and a ribose, a nucleotide contains a nucleoside, with
a phosphate at 3' or 5' position of the ribose, the difference between NTP and dNTP is the
oxidation state of the riboses - correct)
, About enzymes and cofactors, which of the following statement is CORRECT? - ANS
✔✔cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation uses heme as cofactor, which is not a vitamin
derivative.
(hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine requires tetrahydrofolate. (requires
tetrahydropioprotein), if a protein associates with an enzyme and modulates the enzyme
activity, it is called a coenzyme. (coenzyme is not a protein), biosynthesis of tetrabiopterin
needs a precursor called biotin - correct)
Transamination is an important process in both biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids and
transport of amino groups from extrahepatic tissues to hepatocytes for disposal. This process
requires the cofactor PLP, which is a derivative of vitamin: - ANS ✔✔B6
Methylation is an important reaction which is involved in many biosynthetic processes, such as
nucleotide synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis. Which of the following molecule is least
related to methylation? - ANS ✔✔alanine
For de novo purine synthesis, the rate limiting enzyme is glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase.
Which of the following molecules will NOT repress its activity? - ANS ✔✔CMP
When an enzyme-catalyzed reversible reaction reaches equilibrium with very little product: -
ANS ✔✔if more substrates are added, the reaction will move forward to form more products
Which of the following statements about ubiquinone in the electron transfer chain is
INCORRECT? - ANS ✔✔one ubiquinone donates two electrons to one cytochrome c, catalyzed
by complex III.
(one ubiquinone accepts 2 electrons from complex I. one ubiquinone accepts 2 electrons from
complex II, one ubiquinone may accept one electron to form semiquinone - correct)
When oxygen is not available, glycolysis of FOUR GLUCOSE MOLECULES TO FORM PYRUVATE will
have a net gain of: - ANS ✔✔8ATP
2026/2027 | COMPLETE EXAM PREP
The major regulatory factor of pentose monophosphate (PPP) pathway is the cytosolic level of: -
ANS ✔✔NADPH
AMPK is generally considered to be a sensor of cellular energy levels because it is most sensitive
to the change of: - ANS ✔✔AMP levels
About nitric oxide (NO), which of the following statements is NOT correct? - ANS ✔✔after
synthesis in any tissue, it travels long distance to regulate neuron and heart function
(arginine is its precursor, it's a free radical, several isoenzymes (NO synthases) can catalyze its
biosynthesis - correct)
On the surface of β-cells of pancreatic islet, the major type of glucose transporter is: - ANS
✔✔Glut2
β-oxidation of fatty acids normally occurs in: - ANS ✔✔mitochondrion
In humans, the major form of nitrogen excretion is: - ANS ✔✔urea
Regarding nucleotides, nucleosides and nitrogenous bases, which statement is INCORRECT: -
ANS ✔✔the difference between NTP and dNTP is the oxidation state of the nitrogenous bases
(a nucleoside contains a nitrogenous base and a ribose, a nucleotide contains a nucleoside, with
a phosphate at 3' or 5' position of the ribose, the difference between NTP and dNTP is the
oxidation state of the riboses - correct)
, About enzymes and cofactors, which of the following statement is CORRECT? - ANS
✔✔cytochrome P450 catalyzed oxidation uses heme as cofactor, which is not a vitamin
derivative.
(hydroxylation of phenylalanine to tyrosine requires tetrahydrofolate. (requires
tetrahydropioprotein), if a protein associates with an enzyme and modulates the enzyme
activity, it is called a coenzyme. (coenzyme is not a protein), biosynthesis of tetrabiopterin
needs a precursor called biotin - correct)
Transamination is an important process in both biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids and
transport of amino groups from extrahepatic tissues to hepatocytes for disposal. This process
requires the cofactor PLP, which is a derivative of vitamin: - ANS ✔✔B6
Methylation is an important reaction which is involved in many biosynthetic processes, such as
nucleotide synthesis and neurotransmitter synthesis. Which of the following molecule is least
related to methylation? - ANS ✔✔alanine
For de novo purine synthesis, the rate limiting enzyme is glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase.
Which of the following molecules will NOT repress its activity? - ANS ✔✔CMP
When an enzyme-catalyzed reversible reaction reaches equilibrium with very little product: -
ANS ✔✔if more substrates are added, the reaction will move forward to form more products
Which of the following statements about ubiquinone in the electron transfer chain is
INCORRECT? - ANS ✔✔one ubiquinone donates two electrons to one cytochrome c, catalyzed
by complex III.
(one ubiquinone accepts 2 electrons from complex I. one ubiquinone accepts 2 electrons from
complex II, one ubiquinone may accept one electron to form semiquinone - correct)
When oxygen is not available, glycolysis of FOUR GLUCOSE MOLECULES TO FORM PYRUVATE will
have a net gain of: - ANS ✔✔8ATP
