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BIO 311C EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | BIOLOGY EXAM PREP & STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027

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BIO 311C EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | BIOLOGY EXAM PREP & STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027

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BIO 311C EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | BIOLOGY EXAM PREP & STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027



four biological molecules - ANS ✔✔carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids



elements in carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

CH2O



elements in lipids - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous



elements in proteins - ANS ✔✔carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur



carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous - ANS ✔✔elements in nucleic acids



functional groups in carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔hydroxyl and carbonyl



functional groups in lipids - ANS ✔✔CH3/-CH2

OH (glycerol)

PO4 2- phospholipid



functional groups in proteins - ANS ✔✔NH3+/ NH2

COO-

COOH

R-Group: OH, SH, CH3



functional groups in nucleic acids - ANS ✔✔NH2 (nitrogenous base)

,OH (sugars)

PO4 2-



Subgroups of carbohydrates - ANS ✔✔monosaccharides

disaccharides

polysaccharides



subgroups of lipids - ANS ✔✔fats phospholipids steroids caretonoids



subgroups of proteins - ANS ✔✔-soluble with polar R

-membrane with nonpolar R



nucleic acids subgroups - ANS ✔✔DNA

RNA



Monosaccharides - ANS ✔✔3-7 carbon long.



When will monosaccharides form rings? - ANS ✔✔Longer than 5 carbon and in water



condensation synthesis - ANS ✔✔forming a covalent bond between monomers by removing an
H2O molecule



What kinds of bonds is starch connected by? - ANS ✔✔Alpha 1, 4 linkages



What kinds of bonds is cellulose connected by? - ANS ✔✔Beta 1, 4, linkages

, Which glucose polysaccharides are connected by alpha linkages - ANS ✔✔starch and glycogen



Types of polysaccharides regarding functions - ANS ✔✔storage and structural



example of storage polysaccharides - ANS ✔✔starch, glycogen, amylopectin



example of structural polysaccharides - ANS ✔✔cellulose, chitin, and callose



1,6 linkages - ANS ✔✔amylopectin



Beta 1, 4 linkages - ANS ✔✔cellulose, chitin, and callose



Alpha 1, 4 linkages - ANS ✔✔starch, glycogen



Lipids are held together by - ANS ✔✔ester bonds



Ester bonds are composed of - ANS ✔✔O-C=O



storage polysaccharides (use) - ANS ✔✔energy utilization



structural polysaccharides (purpose) - ANS ✔✔build cell walls and exoskeletons



Saturated fatty acid - ANS ✔✔only single bonds



monounsaturated fatty acid - ANS ✔✔only one double bond

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