BIO 322 MIDTERM 1 EXAM 2026 UPDATE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
genetic code - ans-Set of rules by which the information contained in the
nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated
into the amino acid sequence of a protein
codon - ans-Group of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular
amino acid or that starts or stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in
an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA
ribosome - ans-Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins,
that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - ans-RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic
core of the ribosome
ribozyme - ans-An RNA molecule with catalytic activity
translation initiation factor - ans-Protein that promotes the proper association of
ribosomes with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis
protease - ans-Enzyme that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing their peptide bonds
proteasome - ans-Large protein machine that degrades proteins that are damaged,
misfolded, or no longer needed by the cell; its target proteins are marked for
destruction primarily by the attachment of a short chain of ubiquitin
RNA world - ans-Hypothetical period in Earth's early history in which life-forms
were thought to use RNA both to store genetic information and to catalyze
chemical reactions.
differentiation - ans-Process by which a pluripotent cell undergoes a progressive,
coordinated change to a more specialized cell type, brought about by large-scale
changes in gene expression.
regulatory DNA sequence - ans-DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator
binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be
transcribed into RNA
transcription regulator - ans-Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA
sequence to switch a gene either on or off
, transcriptional repressor - ans-A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of
DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene
transcriptional activator - ans-A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of
DNA to stimulate transcription of an adjacent gene
combinatorial control - reporter gene - ans-Describes the way in which groups of
transcription regulators work together to regulate the expression of a single gene
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) - ans-Somatic cell that has been reprogrammed
to resemble and behave like a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell through the
artificial introduction of a set of genes encoding particular transcription
regulators
cell memory - ans-The ability of differentiated cells and their descendants to
maintain their identity
positive feedback loop - ans-An important form of regulation in which the end
product of a reaction or pathway stimulates continued production or activity;
controls a variety of biological processes, including enzyme activity, cell
signaling, and gene expression
DNA methylation - ans-The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases
in DNA; this covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins
that block gene expression
epigenetic inheritance - ans-The transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression
from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the
DNA
post-transcriptional control - ans-Regulation of gene expression that occurs after
transcription of the gene has begun; examples include RNA splicing and
translational control
regulatory RNA - ans-RNA molecule that plays a role in controlling gene
expression
miRNA (microRNA) - ans-Small noncoding RNA that controls gene expression by
base-pairing with a specific mRNA to regulate its stability and its translation
RNA interference (RNAi) - ans-Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded
RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar
nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing
the expression of selected genes (gene silencing)
AND CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS ALREADY
GRADED A+ (BRAND NEW VISION)
genetic code - ans-Set of rules by which the information contained in the
nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated
into the amino acid sequence of a protein
codon - ans-Group of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular
amino acid or that starts or stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in
an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA
ribosome - ans-Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins,
that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - ans-RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic
core of the ribosome
ribozyme - ans-An RNA molecule with catalytic activity
translation initiation factor - ans-Protein that promotes the proper association of
ribosomes with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis
protease - ans-Enzyme that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing their peptide bonds
proteasome - ans-Large protein machine that degrades proteins that are damaged,
misfolded, or no longer needed by the cell; its target proteins are marked for
destruction primarily by the attachment of a short chain of ubiquitin
RNA world - ans-Hypothetical period in Earth's early history in which life-forms
were thought to use RNA both to store genetic information and to catalyze
chemical reactions.
differentiation - ans-Process by which a pluripotent cell undergoes a progressive,
coordinated change to a more specialized cell type, brought about by large-scale
changes in gene expression.
regulatory DNA sequence - ans-DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator
binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be
transcribed into RNA
transcription regulator - ans-Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA
sequence to switch a gene either on or off
, transcriptional repressor - ans-A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of
DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene
transcriptional activator - ans-A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of
DNA to stimulate transcription of an adjacent gene
combinatorial control - reporter gene - ans-Describes the way in which groups of
transcription regulators work together to regulate the expression of a single gene
induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) - ans-Somatic cell that has been reprogrammed
to resemble and behave like a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell through the
artificial introduction of a set of genes encoding particular transcription
regulators
cell memory - ans-The ability of differentiated cells and their descendants to
maintain their identity
positive feedback loop - ans-An important form of regulation in which the end
product of a reaction or pathway stimulates continued production or activity;
controls a variety of biological processes, including enzyme activity, cell
signaling, and gene expression
DNA methylation - ans-The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases
in DNA; this covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins
that block gene expression
epigenetic inheritance - ans-The transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression
from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the
DNA
post-transcriptional control - ans-Regulation of gene expression that occurs after
transcription of the gene has begun; examples include RNA splicing and
translational control
regulatory RNA - ans-RNA molecule that plays a role in controlling gene
expression
miRNA (microRNA) - ans-Small noncoding RNA that controls gene expression by
base-pairing with a specific mRNA to regulate its stability and its translation
RNA interference (RNAi) - ans-Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded
RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar
nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing
the expression of selected genes (gene silencing)
