BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam
Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning
2026/2027
75 100%
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Clinical Applications
Acid-Base Balance Comprehensive Review
Homeostasis & Regulatory Mechanisms Integrated Case Studies
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/202
Q1 Question 1 of 75
A 70-kg male patient is admitted for dehydration, and the nurse must calculate his total body water.
What percentage of body weight does total body water represent in an adult male?
A. Approximately 40 percent of body weight
B. Approximately 70 percent of body weight
C. Approximately 50 percent of body weight
D. Approximately 60 percent of body weight
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Total body water constitutes approximately 60 percent of body weight in adult males and about 50 percent in
adult females due to higher fat content. Two-thirds is intracellular and one-third is extracellular fluid.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
A physiology student studies fluid compartments and asks which fluid space contains approximately
two-thirds of total body water. Which compartment fits this description?
A. Interstitial fluid
B. Plasma
C. Intracellular fluid
D. Transcellular fluid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Intracellular fluid contains approximately two-thirds of total body water, while extracellular fluid (interstitial
fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid) contains the remaining one-third.
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 38
,SECTION 1 | FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/202
Q3 Question 3 of 75
A 65-year-old patient with heart failure develops bilateral leg edema. According to Starling forces,
peripheral edema results primarily from which hemodynamic change?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
D. Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
In heart failure, venous congestion raises capillary hydrostatic pressure, pushing fluid out of capillaries into
the interstitial space. This produces peripheral edema typical of right heart failure.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
A patient with liver cirrhosis develops ascites and peripheral edema. Which mechanism most directly
contributes to fluid shifts in this condition?
A. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure from low albumin
B. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Increased lymphatic drainage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Cirrhosis impairs liver synthesis of albumin, the major plasma protein contributing to oncotic pressure. Low
albumin reduces fluid retention in vessels, causing edema and ascites.
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 38
, SECTION 1 | FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/202
Q5 Question 5 of 75
A nurse explains that sodium is the primary extracellular cation. Which hormone is the principal
regulator of sodium balance in the body?
A. Aldosterone acting on the distal renal tubule
B. Antidiuretic hormone acting on the collecting duct
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide acting on the glomerulus
D. Renin acting on the proximal tubule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Aldosterone is the primary regulator of sodium balance, acting on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting
duct to increase sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium and hydrogen excretion.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
A 78-year-old patient with poor oral intake has serum sodium 158 mEq/L and altered mental status.
Which clinical finding most strongly indicates free water deficit?
A. Hyponatremia with low serum osmolality
B. Hypernatremia with elevated serum osmolality
C. Normal serum sodium with high urine output
D. Hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Hypernatremia with elevated serum osmolality indicates free water deficit, distinguishing it from isotonic
dehydration where sodium remains normal. The body loses more water than sodium, raising serum
concentration.
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 38
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT - EXAM
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam
Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning
2026/2027
75 100%
QUESTIONS VERIFIED ANSWERS EDITION
TOPICS COVERED
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Clinical Applications
Acid-Base Balance Comprehensive Review
Homeostasis & Regulatory Mechanisms Integrated Case Studies
COVER PAGE - 1
,SECTION 1 | FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/202
Q1 Question 1 of 75
A 70-kg male patient is admitted for dehydration, and the nurse must calculate his total body water.
What percentage of body weight does total body water represent in an adult male?
A. Approximately 40 percent of body weight
B. Approximately 70 percent of body weight
C. Approximately 50 percent of body weight
D. Approximately 60 percent of body weight
Correct Answer: D
Rationale:
Total body water constitutes approximately 60 percent of body weight in adult males and about 50 percent in
adult females due to higher fat content. Two-thirds is intracellular and one-third is extracellular fluid.
Q2 Question 2 of 75
A physiology student studies fluid compartments and asks which fluid space contains approximately
two-thirds of total body water. Which compartment fits this description?
A. Interstitial fluid
B. Plasma
C. Intracellular fluid
D. Transcellular fluid
Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Intracellular fluid contains approximately two-thirds of total body water, while extracellular fluid (interstitial
fluid, plasma, and transcellular fluid) contains the remaining one-third.
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 2 of 38
,SECTION 1 | FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/202
Q3 Question 3 of 75
A 65-year-old patient with heart failure develops bilateral leg edema. According to Starling forces,
peripheral edema results primarily from which hemodynamic change?
A. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
C. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
D. Decreased interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
In heart failure, venous congestion raises capillary hydrostatic pressure, pushing fluid out of capillaries into
the interstitial space. This produces peripheral edema typical of right heart failure.
Q4 Question 4 of 75
A patient with liver cirrhosis develops ascites and peripheral edema. Which mechanism most directly
contributes to fluid shifts in this condition?
A. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure from low albumin
B. Increased plasma oncotic pressure
C. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
D. Increased lymphatic drainage
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Cirrhosis impairs liver synthesis of albumin, the major plasma protein contributing to oncotic pressure. Low
albumin reduces fluid retention in vessels, causing edema and ascites.
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 3 of 38
, SECTION 1 | FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE | Q1-Q15 | BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/202
Q5 Question 5 of 75
A nurse explains that sodium is the primary extracellular cation. Which hormone is the principal
regulator of sodium balance in the body?
A. Aldosterone acting on the distal renal tubule
B. Antidiuretic hormone acting on the collecting duct
C. Atrial natriuretic peptide acting on the glomerulus
D. Renin acting on the proximal tubule
Correct Answer: A
Rationale:
Aldosterone is the primary regulator of sodium balance, acting on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting
duct to increase sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium and hydrogen excretion.
Q6 Question 6 of 75
A 78-year-old patient with poor oral intake has serum sodium 158 mEq/L and altered mental status.
Which clinical finding most strongly indicates free water deficit?
A. Hyponatremia with low serum osmolality
B. Hypernatremia with elevated serum osmolality
C. Normal serum sodium with high urine output
D. Hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale:
Hypernatremia with elevated serum osmolality indicates free water deficit, distinguishing it from isotonic
dehydration where sodium remains normal. The body loses more water than sodium, raising serum
concentration.
BIOL 252 Human Anatomy & Physiology II w/Lab | Module 9 Exam Review - Summary | LockDown Browser | Portage Learning 2026/2027 - 2026/2027 | Passing Score: 80% | Page 4 of 38
