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Classification of BMIs and Limitations to the BMI - ANSWER
✔✔Classification:
1. Underweight- having too little body fat to maintain health
2. Normal
3. Overweight- having a moderate amount of excess body fat
4. Obese- having an excess of body fat that affects health
5. Morbid Obesity- body weight exceeding 100% of normal
Limitations:
1. not an indication of body composition
,2. it may overestimate body fat in athletes and others who have
muscular build
3. it may underestimate body fat in older persons and others who have
less muscle/bone mass
Health Risks Associated with High and Low BMI - ANSWER ✔✔High
BMI Risk:
1. obese- significantly increased risk of health problems
2. morbid obesity- very high risk of increased health problems; 5 of the 9
causes of death in the US are associated
Low BMI Risk:
1. underweight- increased risk of health problems (infections)
Methods to Determine Percent Body Fat and Accuracy - ANSWER
✔✔1. Densitometry- underwater weighing (most accurate)
2. Anthropometry- measurement of skinfold thickness using skinfold
calipers or body circumference (least accurate)
3. Conductivity- bioelectric impedance (least invasive and fairly
accurate)
, 4. Dual-energy X-ray Absorption (DXA)- developed to measure bone
mineral content and density (very accurate)
5. Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA/DEXA)- uses low x-rays to
differentiate among bone tissue, lean tissue and adipose tissue
6. Bod Pod- air displacement
Diseases Associated with Obesity - ANSWER ✔✔1. <2% of all cases
are traced to diseases such as:
- decreased thyroid function
- Cushing's disease
- Hormonal imbalances
- Decreased metabolic rate
Fat Distribution Patterns and Risk of Chronic Disease - ANSWER
✔✔- measured by waist-to-hip ratio and waist circumference
1. Apple-shaped fat patterning- upper body
- men tend to store fat abdominally
- increased risk of chronic diseases
2. Pear-shaped fat patterning- lower body
- no significant increased risk for chronic diseases
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