BUNDLE 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
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INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Anatomy: Study of the structure of the body.
Physiology: Study of the normal functioning of the body.
Pathology: Study of abnormal function of the body.
Pathophysiology: Explores how pathology affects normal body functioning.
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LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
• **Chemicals** — Most fundamental level
• **Cell** — Smallest independent unit of living matter
• **Tissues** — Group of cells with similar structures and function
• **Organs** — Different types of tissue brought together for specific function
• **Systems** — Made up of a number of tissues and organs for survival needs of the
body
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INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND HOMEOSTASIS
Internal environment: Water-based medium in which body cells exist (interstitial/tissue
fluid)
External environment: Surrounds the body and is a source of oxygen and nutrients
required by the cells
HOMEOSTASIS
Maintenance of stable internal environment for optimum function of the body.
Negative feedback mechanism: Control mechanism in which the effect of stimuli is
reversed to normalcy.
Positive feedback mechanism: Control mechanism in which the effect of stimuli is
progressively increased until normalcy is attained.
Homeostatic imbalance: Occurs when fine control of variable factors in the internal
environment is inadequate and its levels fall outside the normal range.
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__________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY
Anatomy: Study of the structure of the body.
Physiology: Study of the normal functioning of the body.
Pathology: Study of abnormal function of the body.
Pathophysiology: Explores how pathology affects normal body functioning.
__________________________________________________
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY
• **Chemicals** — Most fundamental level
• **Cell** — Smallest independent unit of living matter
• **Tissues** — Group of cells with similar structures and function
• **Organs** — Different types of tissue brought together for specific function
• **Systems** — Made up of a number of tissues and organs for survival needs of the
body
__________________________________________________
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND HOMEOSTASIS
Internal environment: Water-based medium in which body cells exist (interstitial/tissue
fluid)
External environment: Surrounds the body and is a source of oxygen and nutrients
required by the cells
HOMEOSTASIS
Maintenance of stable internal environment for optimum function of the body.
Negative feedback mechanism: Control mechanism in which the effect of stimuli is
reversed to normalcy.
Positive feedback mechanism: Control mechanism in which the effect of stimuli is
progressively increased until normalcy is attained.
Homeostatic imbalance: Occurs when fine control of variable factors in the internal
environment is inadequate and its levels fall outside the normal range.
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