BIO 220 TOPIC COMPREHENSIVE TEST
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⩥ Describe the role of endosymbiosis in the incorporation of
mitochondria and chloroplasts to create modern eukaryotic cells.
Answer: Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to live independently and
got taken inside a larger cell, where they live together symbiotically
⩥ Cytoskeleton: Answer: A network of fibers that holds the cell together,
helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
microfilaments and microtubules
⩥ Note the structures that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have and the
ones that are unique to eukaryotes:. Answer: both- basic features for
cells -cell/plasma membrane
chromosomes made of DNA
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
only eukaryotic
nucleus eukaryotic
,rough/smooth er
⩥ Which types of fungi are microscopic?. Answer: molds and yeast
⩥ What are 2 forms (morphologies) of microscopic fungi?. Answer:
yeast (single celled)
hyphae (long hair filamentous form)
⩥ What does it mean to be dimorphic?. Answer: fungus can go back and
forth between yeast & hyphae form
⩥ Describe the nutrition of fungi:. Answer: -All are heterotrophic
-Most are saprobes - meaning they obtain nutrients from remnants of
dead plants or animals.
-Fungi can also be parasites
⩥ What structures do fungi in the hyphal form feature?. Answer:
mycelium
⩥ What 2 ways can fungal spores be produced?. Answer: -Asexual --
primarily a product of mitotic division
-Sexual--formed through a process involving the fusing of two parental
nuclei followed by meiosis
, ⩥ How are fungi identified?. Answer: -Sexual spores and spore-forming
structures are one basis for classification
-Isolation on specific media (ex. Sabouraud Dextrose agar)
-Macroscopic and microscopic observation of:
---Asexual spore-forming structures and spores
---Hyphal type
---Colony texture and pigmentation
---Physiological characteristics
---Genetic makeup
⩥ How are fungi detrimental?. Answer: -Mycoses, allergies, toxins
-Destruction of crops and food storage
⩥ How are fungi beneficial?. Answer: -Decomposers of dead plants and
animals
-Antibiotics, alcohol, organic food, vitamins
-Making foods and in genetic studies
⩥ What areas of the body can be infected by fungi?. Answer: skin
lungs
⩥ What 2 types of protists will we study?. Answer: algae
2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED
A+
⩥ Describe the role of endosymbiosis in the incorporation of
mitochondria and chloroplasts to create modern eukaryotic cells.
Answer: Mitochondria and chloroplasts used to live independently and
got taken inside a larger cell, where they live together symbiotically
⩥ Cytoskeleton: Answer: A network of fibers that holds the cell together,
helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
microfilaments and microtubules
⩥ Note the structures that both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have and the
ones that are unique to eukaryotes:. Answer: both- basic features for
cells -cell/plasma membrane
chromosomes made of DNA
ribosomes
cytoskeleton
only eukaryotic
nucleus eukaryotic
,rough/smooth er
⩥ Which types of fungi are microscopic?. Answer: molds and yeast
⩥ What are 2 forms (morphologies) of microscopic fungi?. Answer:
yeast (single celled)
hyphae (long hair filamentous form)
⩥ What does it mean to be dimorphic?. Answer: fungus can go back and
forth between yeast & hyphae form
⩥ Describe the nutrition of fungi:. Answer: -All are heterotrophic
-Most are saprobes - meaning they obtain nutrients from remnants of
dead plants or animals.
-Fungi can also be parasites
⩥ What structures do fungi in the hyphal form feature?. Answer:
mycelium
⩥ What 2 ways can fungal spores be produced?. Answer: -Asexual --
primarily a product of mitotic division
-Sexual--formed through a process involving the fusing of two parental
nuclei followed by meiosis
, ⩥ How are fungi identified?. Answer: -Sexual spores and spore-forming
structures are one basis for classification
-Isolation on specific media (ex. Sabouraud Dextrose agar)
-Macroscopic and microscopic observation of:
---Asexual spore-forming structures and spores
---Hyphal type
---Colony texture and pigmentation
---Physiological characteristics
---Genetic makeup
⩥ How are fungi detrimental?. Answer: -Mycoses, allergies, toxins
-Destruction of crops and food storage
⩥ How are fungi beneficial?. Answer: -Decomposers of dead plants and
animals
-Antibiotics, alcohol, organic food, vitamins
-Making foods and in genetic studies
⩥ What areas of the body can be infected by fungi?. Answer: skin
lungs
⩥ What 2 types of protists will we study?. Answer: algae
